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Diabetic prevalence is at speedy increase globally. Previous studies stated that other than genetics, factors such as environment, lifestyle, and paternal-maternal condition play critical roles in diabetes through DNA methylation in specific areas of the genome. The purpose of this study is to investigate the methylation pattern of the PDK4 promoter in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice until the 12th week of the observation. The methylation pattern in the blood samples was analyzed periodically, while the pattern in the muscle sample was only analyzed at the end of the experiment using the blood of the sacrificed animals. Three methylated CpG site 1, CpG site 6, and CpG site 7 were analyzed and quantified based on the band density using bisulfite treatment and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The hyperglycemia period was developed at the 9th week of experiment. However, there was a significant increase of methylation, specifically on CpG site 6 started from week 6 to week 12. This peculiar methylation on CpG site 6 of PDK4 promoter in the blood sample before the hyperglycemic period might serve as a potential biomarker for early detection of diabetes in the patients. No significant difference was found between the methylation level of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice and of the control group in the muscle sample.

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Leaf area is an important parameter in plant monitoring. An automatic method for measuring leaf area is needed to obtain accurate result. In this paper, a method for automatic leaf area measurement from image is proposed. The method captured the image of leaf without object reference. Four features were extracted from the image and used as input to artificial neural network for estimating leaf area. The experiment results show that the proposed method can measure leaf area with mean absolute relative error less than 1% and less computational time.

Climate change made rain fall unpredictable leading to sudden drought stress during crop cultivation period. Drought stress affects the crop growth and development, especially during the seedling period. This research aims to evaluate the performance of three local rice seedling under drought stress induced by PEG 6000. Three local rice cultivars were germinated and then divided into five groups. In the 3 d after germination, each group were treated in vitro with either 0 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % or 25 % PEG 6000 solution for 10 d in vitro. Drought stress was continued for 14 d ex vitro in rice treated with 0 % and 25 % PEG. Osmotic stress induced by PEG significantly reduced plant growth and total chlorophyll content in the leaf. In vitro study showed rice seedling growth reduction was increased when the PEG 6000 increased. Ex vitro study with application of 25 % PEG showed cv. Telaseh more tolerant to drough stress at the seedling stage compare to cv.. Mayas Kuning and cv. Mayas Putih. Additionally, drought stress induced increasing of soluble sugar in the leaf of all rice cultivars. This might indicate that soluble sugar plays a role as osmoprotectant under drought stress in those three cultivars.