Aqualysin I is an alkaline serine protease which is secreted into the culture medium by Thermus aquaticus YT-1. Aqualysin I was purified, and its apparent relative molecular mass was determined to be 28 500. The enzyme contained four Cys residues (probably as two cystines), and its amino acids composition was similar to those of cysteine-containing serine proteases (proteinase K, etc.) as well as those of subtilisins. The NH,-terminal sequence of aqualysin I showed homology with those of the microbial serine proteases. The optimum pH for the proteolytic activity of aqualysin 1 was around 10.0. Ca2+ stabilized the enzyme to heat treatment, and the maximum proteolytic activity was observed at 80°C. Aqualysin I was stable to denaturing reagents (7 M urea, 6 M guanidine . HCl and 1 YO SDS) at 23 "C for 24 h. The enzyme hydrolyzed the ester bond of an alanine ester and succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala p-nitroanilide, a synthetic substrate for mammalian elastase. The cleavage sites for aqualysin I in oxidized insulin B chain were not specific when it was digested completely.The enzymes of thermophilic bacteria are generally heatstable [I], and the stability of these proteins is interesting for protein chemistry. Besides their scientific interest, these heatstable enzymes are valuable because of their bioengineering and biotechnological applications. We have studied the enzymes of extremely thermophilic bacteria belonging to the genus Thermus, mainly L-lactate dehydrogenases [2 -51 and proteases [6,7]. Heat-stable proteases are expected to be useful for application [8].At present three Thermus species strains are known which produce heat-stable extracellular proteases. A metal protease (called caldolysin) produced by Thermus T-351 has been purified and characterized [9]. We reported that Thermus caldophilus GK24 produces a neutral serine protease which forms a complex with several kinds of proteins and which appears homogeneous on chromatographic analysis [6]. These two proteases are extremely heat-stable and resistant to denaturing treatments [6, 91. We previously reported the production of two kinds of extracellular proteases, aqualysins I and I1 [7], by Thermus aquaticus YT-1 [lo]. Aqualysin I is an alkaline serine protease, and aqualysin I1 an chelator-sensitive, neutral serine protease, the optimum temperatures for the proteolytic activities of the two enzymes being around 75°C and 95°C respectively [7]. Correspoiidence to H. Matsuzawa, Department of AgriculturalChemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 113Abbreviations. iPr,P-F, diisopropylfluorophosphate; Z-AlaGly-PheCH2C1, benzyloxycarbonyl-Ala-Gly-Phe-chloromethane; CIHgBzOH, p-chloromercuribenzoate; TosPheCH2C1, N-tosylphenylalanylchloromethane; TosLysCH2Cl, Nu-tosyl-L-lysylchloromethane; Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-NH-Np, succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala p-nitroanilide; Cya, cysteic acid. Except where otherwise specified, the constituent amino acids were all of the L configuration.Enzymes. Serine proteinase (EC 3.4.21 .-); microbial serine proteinase (EC 3.4.21.14); subtili...

Sialyltransferase 0160, a bacterial sialyltransferase which catalyzes the incorporation of NeuAc from CMP-NeuAc into the galactose residue of the carbohydrate chain at position 6, is produced by Photobacterium damsela JT0160. The gene coding for sialyltransferase 0160 (bst) was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sialyltransferase 0160 gene contains an open reading frame of 2,028 base pairs encoding a protein of 675 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of sialyltransferase 0160 did not contain the sialylmotif and had no significant similarity to mammalian sialyltransferases. Crude extracts of cultured E. coli MV1184 cells carrying an expression plasmid for the sialyltransferase 0160 gene showed sialyltransferase activity, which was identified as beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase activity by enzymatic reaction product analysis. In addition, when mutant genes, lacking 3'-coding regions for COOH-terminal portions of the protein, which are thought to form alpha-helix structures, were expressed in E. coli MV1184, soluble-form enzymes were obtained. This implies that the COOH-terminal portion of sialyltransferase 0160 is required for membrane binding.

The substrate specificity and enzymatic sialylation ability of the bacterium α-2,6-sialyltransferase were examined. The enzyme assay displayed a remarkable ability to catalyze sialyl transfer to type-II oligosaccharides possessing fucoside or sialoside at the 2 or 3 position of the terminal galactoside. Enzymatic syntheses were performed in order to confirm the structure of unusual assay products found when using Neu5Ac β2,3Galβ1,4Glc and Fuc α1,2Galβ1,4Glc as the sialyl acceptors. Both sialylation reactions (10 μmol scales) were run using 83 munits of enzyme, were complete in 2 h, and afforded the sialoside analogues Neu5Ac α2,6(Fuc α1,2) Galβ1,4Glc (88%) and Neu5Ac α2,6(Neu5Ac β2,3) Galβ1,4Glc (92%).