High levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum have been reported in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is growing interest in recognizing the role of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva in diagnosing systemic diseases. This study assumed that estimating biomarkers in saliva samples from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 would distinguish between mild and severe cases. Saliva was collected from 142 controls and 158 SARS-CoV-2 patients (mild 72 and severe 86) to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL-10). IL-6 and CXCL-10 were significantly increased in patients with mild and severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. CRP was significantly increased only in severe SARS-CoV-2 cases. All biomarkers were significantly higher in severe cases than in mild cases ( p < 0.001 ). Among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, men showed significantly higher CRP and CXCL-10 levels than females ( p < 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). In addition, elderly patients (40–80 years) had significantly higher IL-6, CRP, and CXCL-10 ( p < 0.001 ). Patients with diabetes and hypertension showed elevated IL-6, CRP, and CXCL-10 ( p < 0.001 ). There was a significant positive correlation between IL-6, CRP, CXCL-10, and between age, IL-6, CRP, and CXCL-10. Saliva may have a future value in measuring the inflammatory biomarkers associated with the severity of SARS-CoV2 infection and therapeutic monitoring.

Background: Childhood maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years old. The most common types are physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect. This study aims to assess the childhood maltreatment prevalence in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and to define the factors contributing to it. Objectives are to study the prevalence, the types of childhood maltreatment, and the association between determinants and childhood maltreatment among adults visiting Primary Health Care in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study design is analytical and cross-sectional. The calculated sample size under study is 384 participants, collected through multi-stage random sampling. The tool used in the study is a modified Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.Chi-Square, and Multiple Logistic Regression are the tests of choice. Results: The overall childhood maltreatment prevalence was 79.7%, (95% CI: 75.34% to 83.43%). 45.4% had reported emotional abuse, 36.7% reported physical abuse, 65% emotional neglect, and 25.3% physical neglect. 100% of participants who were raised by fathers alone and who were raised by a relative, not a parent, reported being maltreated, p-value=0.004.