Elevated Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers are Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity

Alwafi, Hanadi Abdullah; Ali, Soad Shaker; Kotha, Sunil Babu; Abuljadayel, Layla Waleed; Ibrahim, Maha; Elahi, Ibrahim Rashad Noor; Alwafi, Hebah Abdullah; Almuhayawi, Mohammed S.; Finkelman, Matthew; El-Shitany, Nagla A.

doi:10.1155/2022/1543918

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Even more noteworthy, let-7d, let-7e, let-7f, let-7g, let-7i, and miR-98 were reported to significantly suppress SARS-CoV-2 spike protein production and/or inhibit membrane protein assembly by directly targeting SARS-CoV-2 [ 21 ]. Further endorsing these observations, lower levels of let-7 family members were observed in plasma from severe COVID-19 patients, compared to mild ones and healthy controls [ 22 ], and their expression was further reduced in patients requiring oxygen [ 10 ]. Our data in saliva specimens are, therefore, in line with the results obtained in plasma by other researchers, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection at the entry site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Salivary miRNA Profiles in COVID-19 Patients with Different Disease Severities

Saulle

Garziano

Cappelletti

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The oral mucosa is the first site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication, and it plays a central role in the early defense against infection. Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, miRNAs, cytokines, and neutralizing activity (NA) were assessed in saliva and plasma from mild (MD) and severe (SD) COVID-19 patients. Here we showed that of the 84 miRNAs analyzed, 8 were differently expressed in the plasma and saliva of SD patients. In particular: (1) miRNAs let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p, and let-7c-5p were significantly downregulated; and (2) miR-23a and b and miR-29c, as well as three immunomodulatory miRNAs (miR-34a-5p, miR-181d-5p, and miR-146) were significantly upregulated. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, and TNFα) and chemokines (CCL2 and RANTES) increased in both the saliva and plasma of SD and MD patients. Notably, disease severity correlated with NA and immune activation. Monitoring these parameters could help predict disease outcomes and identify new markers of disease progression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Salivary miRNA Profiles in COVID-19 Patients with Different Disease Severities

Saulle

Garziano

Cappelletti

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…With regard to CRP, our results were not consistent with a recent report, which showed that an increased concentration of salivary CRP was only found in severe cases of COVID-19. 11 We reasoned that this inconsistency could be related to the eligibility criteria in recruiting participants. In the cited report, the authors excluded participants with periodontitis, whereas in our study, periodontitis was an inclusion criterion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

Bachtiar,

Kusumaningrum

et al. 2023

F1000Res

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Background: The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. Methods: In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. Results: We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. Conclusions: These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.

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“…IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, saliva levels were determined by using ultrasensitive ELISA immunoassays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions [53][54][55]. The assays were based on a double-antibody sandwich technique.…”

Section: Quantification Of Inflammatory Markers Levels In Salivamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Counters Oxidative Stress/Inflammation-Driven Symptoms in Long COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Outcomes

Mrakic-Sposta,

Vezzoli,

Garetto

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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Long COVID-19 patients show systemic inflammation and persistent symptoms such as fatigue and malaise, profoundly affecting their quality of life. Since improving oxygenation can oppose inflammation at multiple tissue levels, we hypothesized that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) could arrest inflammation progression and thus relieve symptoms of COVID-19. We evaluated oxy-inflammation biomarkers in long COVID-19 subjects treated with HBOT and monitored with non-invasive methods. Five subjects (two athletes and three patients with other comorbidities) were assigned to receive HBOT: 100% inspired O2 at 2.4 ATA in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber for 90 min (three athletes: 15 HBOT × 5 days/wk for 3 weeks; two patients affected by Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: 30 HBOT × 5 days/wk for 6 weeks; and one patient with osteomyelitis: 30 HBOT × 5 days/wk for week for 6 weeks and, after a 30-day break, followed by a second cycle of 20 HBOT). Using saliva and/or urine samples, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity, cytokines, lipids peroxidation, DNA damage, and renal status were assessed at T1_pre (basal level) and at T2_pre (basal level after treatment), and the results showed attenuated ROS production, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NO metabolites, and inflammation biomarker levels, especially in the athletes post-treatment. Thus, HBOT may represent an alternative non-invasive method for treating long COVID-19-induced long-lasting manifestations of oxy-inflammation.

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Elevated Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers are Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Salivary miRNA Profiles in COVID-19 Patients with Different Disease Severities

Salivary miRNA Profiles in COVID-19 Patients with Different Disease Severities

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Counters Oxidative Stress/Inflammation-Driven Symptoms in Long COVID-19 Patients: Preliminary Outcomes

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