Glyphosate, also known by the trade names Roundup and Rodeo for agricultural use, is a broad-spectrum, translocated herbicide, used primarily in agricultural applications, and for vegetation control in non-crop areas. It is used as non-selective herbicide and for aquatic weed control in fish-ponds, lakes, canals, slow running water, etc. (USDA 1984). Glyphosate is perhaps the most important herbicide ever developed. Literature of toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of glyphosate is extremely sparse, considering its importance as herbicide. Generally, glyphosate is slightly toxic to mammals and fish, but it may have an impact on the aquatic environment and also on the other aquatic organisms (USDA 1984). Due to this, its toxicity investigation is very important. The study of sublethal effects is of special importance for toxicological evaluation of compound. The objective of this study was to investigate acute and subacute toxic effects of sublethal glyphosate concentrations in water to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), one of the commercially most important fish species populating freshwaters of Yugoslavia.
In order to compare the efficacies of conventional (cholecalciferol and bromadiolone) and new (sodium selenite) rodenticides, applied in the grain bait formulation on the whole-grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (Triticasecale) in alfalfa crops, experiments were conducted at two sites near Belgrade, Serbia, in the spring of 2009, using a standard EPPO method. The presence of rodent populations, their spatial distribution and density indices were evaluated by pretreatment census and rodenticide efficacy by counting active holes, 14 and 28 days after treatment. The average Microtus arvalis numbers of 158/ha and 184/ha were found to cause 7.4% and 9.6% alfalfa green biomass yield decreases, respectively. Twenty-eight days after treatment, the average efficacy of grain bait formulation (on wheat and triticale grains) of sodium selenite and cholecalciferol was 81%, while bromadiolone which had a higher efficiency, 85%, in the control of the common vole in alfalfa crops. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the origin of active substances, bases and associated interactions a.s x based on the efficacy-investigated grain baits did not have a statistically significant impact on the expression efficiency of the tested baits. Triticale grains can be used as carriers of active substances, sodium selenite, cholecalciferol or bromadiolone in preparation baits. Control of M. arvalis with the new rodenticide, sodium selenite, gave efficacy results about equal to that of cholecalciferol and bromadiolone and, therefore, provided a possible alternative rodenticide for vole control in alfalfa
The objective of the study was to analyze the susceptibility of three different types of hybrid maize to carryover potential of trifluralin using the bioassay, and persistence of trifluralin. Herbicide toxicity was analyzed by determining the inhibition of root and shoot length and fresh weight. In addition, using the bioassay trifluralin persistence in the leached chernozen soil type was studied applying two doses. Herbicide degradation was monitored over a period of one year following application during the two trial years. The hybrids tested showed a significant susceptibility to herbicide tested. The doses analyzed inhibited root length and fresh weight. Regression analysis was used to determine I50 values for the parameters tested thus proving fresh root weight reduction to be the most susceptible and accurately computed parameter. Hybrid ZPSC 633 was the most susceptible (with regard to the parameters tested). Higher herbicide doses provoked slower degradation of trifluralin, as confirmed by calculated DT-50 values. Trifluralin residues (applied at the rate of 960 g a.i.7ha) provoked no damage to ground parts. Root length and fresh weight inhibition was about 10% in the case of the most susceptible hybrid. However trifluralin (applied at the rate of 1920 g a.i./ha) residues one year following application provoked damage to ground parts (up to 20% in the case of the most susceptible hybrid), whereas root length and fresh weight inhibition was approx. 30%.
Acute and subacute 2,4-D toxicity to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. Acute toxicity (LC-50) was investigated in semi-static test during a 24, 48, and 96-hours exposition. Subacute toxicity was investigated by exposing fish to different 2,4,-D concentrations (150, 200, and 250 mg/L) for 14 days. Biochemical and morphological changes in certain organs and tissues were investigated. LC-50 values at 24 hours exposure was 310.0 mg/L, 295.0 mg/L for 48 hours, and 270.0 mg/L for 96 hours exposure.Subacute toxicity tests show that 2,4-D induce changes in the enzyme activities (AP, GOT, GPT) and morphological changes in the gills, liver and kidneys, but changes are of limited biological importance.
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