To encourage recycling in Malaysian households, a waste separation at source programme was implemented that made it mandatory for households to sort their waste into different categories before leaving it out for collection. Penalties designed to act as a deterrent are imposed on households that fail to sort their waste appropriately. But does this deterrence motivate compliance with the programme directives? This study employs the deterrence theory to investigate if deterrence alone is sufficient to motivate households to actively participate in recycling. A total of 866 questionnaires were administered in person in households in Putrajaya and Melaka. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results of the structural model reveal that just 25% of the variance in compliance is explained by the severity of the sanction, and the perceived certainty of penalty imposed. Perceived severity of sanction (β = 0.149, p = 0.012) and perceived certainty of sanction (β = 0.383, p = 0.000) were found to contribute significantly to compliance behaviour to the programme directives. However, deterrence alone cannot motivate household participation in waste separation at source because it only explains 25% of compliance behaviour. The present study provides information that could allow policymakers to understand recycling habits better and implement more effective compliance strategies.

Abstract. Easy accessibility of information on banking activities has enabled customers to easily compare various bank products and thereby easily switch from one bank to another, resulting in diminishing customer loyalty. This results in retail banks continually working hard to make new innovations or improve their internet banking services in order to make their bank a better choice for the customer. Previous researches have shown that customer loyalty is essential for the survival and profitability of e-commerce. We investigate whether customers' trust, satisfaction, commitment, bank reputation, and the bank's website quality predict customer e-loyalty in a survey using structured questionnaire. Ordered logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the data. The results of the study revealed that bank reputation, satisfaction, trust, and commitment have a significant and positive impact on customer e-loyalty towards internet banking in Nigeria. However, website quality has a positive but insignificant influence on customer e-loyalty towards internet banking. The result further showed that reputation is an essential factor in building customer e-loyalty.

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