To reduce the amount of waste entering landfills, policymakers and governments have implemented various recycling and waste reduction programs such as source reduction, curbside recycling and drop-off recycling programs. The success of a recycling program largely depends on household participation and sorting activities. A better understanding of recycling behavior will help us aid the design and improve the effectiveness of recycling policies. This paper studies the profile of people who utilize drop-off recycling sites and analyzes the factors influencing their site usage. The results show that the usage of drop-off recycling sites is influenced by demographic factors such as age, education, income and household size. Attitudinal factors are also found to affect site usage. Recyclers tend to use the drop-off sites more when they feel that recycling is a convenient activity and when they are more familiar with the sites.

This study analyzes the effects of various recycling and waste management policy variables on recycling rate by utilizing county-level panel data from Minnesota covering the period 1996-2004. The policy variables examined include variable pricing for waste disposal, expenditure on recycling education, provision of curbside recycling services and drop-off centers, and enactment of recycling ordinances. Unlike previous studies, this study accounts for the cumulative effects of the expenditure variable on recycling rate and also investigates whether different recycling programs such as curbside and drop-off recycling act as complements or substitutes in increasing recycling rates. This study also examines the effect of income and demographic characteristics on recycling rate. After accounting for random effects and endogenous variables, the results indicate that variable pricing of waste disposal increases the rate of recycling. Other policy variables such as the enactment of recycling ordinances and cumulative expenditures on recycling education are also found to be effective measures to increase recycling rate.

Purpose -Postgraduate students who are more mature and have greater job experience are more likely to be inclined towards entrepreneurship. However, postgraduate students face various barriers such as lack of funds, fear of failure and lack of social networking that may hinder their entrepreneurial inclination. The barriers faced by these postgraduate students may also exhibit different dimensions compared with barriers faced by existing entrepreneurs. This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived barriers to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial inclination. Design/methodology/approach -Based on a survey-based methodology, data were collected from a sample of 267 postgraduate students from various Malaysian universities. Respondents' perception towards five barriers to entrepreneurship (aversion to risk, fear of failure, lack of resources, lack of social networking, and aversion to stress and hard work) and their entrepreneurial inclination were assessed. Findings -The model R-squared indicated that 31.5 percent of the variation in the entrepreneurial inclination is explained by the five perceived barriers. The highest ranked barrier to entrepreneurship was lack of social networking followed by lack of resources and aversion to risk.Research limitations/implications -The findings in this study cannot be generalized to non-student populations since it covers only postgraduate students. The quantitative approach used was unable to uncover in-depth information on the various barriers. A qualitative approach may be more appropriate to obtain further details. Originality/value -This research provides interesting insights into the entrepreneurship barriers faced by postgraduate students from a developing nation where such research is lacking.

Effort rights‐based fisheries management (RBM) is less widely used than catch rights, whether for groups or individuals. Because RBM on catch or effort necessarily requires a total allowable catch (TAC) or total allowable effort (TAE), RBM is discussed in conjunction with issues in assessing fish populations and providing TACs or TAEs. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages, and there are trade‐offs between the two approaches. In a narrow economic sense, catch rights are superior because of the type of incentives created, but once the costs of research to improve stock assessments and the associated risks of determining the TAC and costs of monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement are taken into consideration, the choice between catch or effort RBM becomes more complex and less clear. The results will be case specific. Hybrid systems based on both catch and effort are increasingly employed to manage marine fisheries to capture the advantages of both approaches. In hybrid systems, catch or effort RBM dominates and controls on the other supplements. RBM using either catch or effort by itself addresses only the target species stock externality and not the remaining externalities associated with by‐catch and the ecosystem.

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