Background: Excessive consumption of protein that leads to increased blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an important risk factor for high growth velocity and obesity in formula-fed infants. However, it is not clear whether these factors can explain the high growth velocity in breast-fed infants. Aim: To study the possible links between the growth velocity in breast-fed infants and the levels of protein, IGF-1 and other hormones, which regulate energy homeostasis, in mothers' breast milk. Methods: We studied 103 mother-infant pairs. Their daily breast milk intake and level of IGF-1, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, protein and fat in breast milk were measured at 1, 2 and 3 months of lactation. The infant group was divided into three subgroups of low, normal and high weight gain tertiles. Results: The breast milk consumed by the infants with high weight gain contained higher levels of IGF-1 than that consumed by those with low weight gain at all periods studied (p = 0.032 at 3 months of lactation), and ghrelin levels were higher at 1 and 2 months and leptin levels at 2 and 3 months of lactation (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between the breast milk IGF-1 level and infant weight gain (r = 0.294, p = 0.043). Total daily breast milk, fat and hormone intake was also higher in the high weight gain group compared to the low weight gain group. Conclusion: One of the reasons for the high growth velocity in breast-fed infants may be the enhanced levels of the studied hormones in breast milk.
ECKHARDT, CARA L., LINDA S. ADAIR, BENJAMIN CABALLERO, JOSEPHINE AVILA, IGOR Y. KON, JINZHONG WANG, AND BARRY M. POPKIN. Estimating body fat from anthropometry and isotopic dilution: a fourcountry comparison. Obes Res. 2003;11:1553-1562. Objective: The goal was to assess the ability of BMI to predict body fat (BF) among youths in four countries and identify the degree to which additional anthropometric measures improve this prediction. BMI is widely recommended as an indicator of overweight. However, whether BMI adequately estimates BF and has the same meaning in different ethnic groups and youths has been questioned. Research Methods and Procedures: Data come from 456 Filipino, Chinese, Russian, and black South African youths, 6 to 16 years old. Percentage BF and fat mass index (FMI) were estimated by the deuterium dilution method. Skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) and weight and height measures were collected. Percentage BF was regressed first on BMI and age and then with the addition of the skinfold measures. Linear models were run separately by country and sex. The models were repeated with FMI as the outcome. Results: The R 2 values from the percentage BF models ranged from 0.13 to 0.69 in the first models to 0.38 to 0.81 in the full models. The values were lowest among Russian males Ն 13 years and Russian females Ն 13 years of age in the reduced and full models, respectively, and were highest among Chinese females. Using FMI as the outcome did not meaningfully change the results. Discussion: The ability of BMI to adequately predict BF and the additional predictivity of anthropometric measures varied widely across the samples, making its uniform use as a proxy for BF in youths from different countries questionable.
PurposeTo evaluate safety, gastrointestinal tolerance, and growth of a new experimental starter formula (NESF) fortified with lutein, prebiotics, probiotics, nucleotides and beta-carotene, fed to infants within the first months of life.MethodsThis was a non-randomized, open, uncontrolled study conducted from December 2010 to May 2011. Twenty-three healthy infants aged 10 days to 2 months old were enrolled. Outcomes included gastrointestinal tolerance, physical growth and safety. Prior to the initiation of the trial, the Scientific Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences confirmed that the NESF met all safety and nutritional parameters.ResultsNESF was well tolerated. The majority of infants fed this formula passed semi-liquid, yellow or yellow-brown. The mean stool frequency/day was 2.5±0.4 on study-day 14 and 1.8±0.5 on study-day 28. The mean daily weight gain was 30.9±3.8 grams and the mean length gain during the 28 days of follow up was 3.1±0.8 cm, corresponding to the average physical growth normally seen in the first months of life in Russian infants. Six children left the study: one refused to drink the formula, one left the study as parents changed residence; and one child's parents have recalled their informed consent due to adverse event unrelated to the product. Three infants presented adverse events possibly related to the product (rash; colic and abdominal pain; constipation). Seventeen infants completed the trial.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that lutein-fortified formula is safe, well-tolerated and supported physical growth of evaluated infants.
Plasma and liver contents of malonic aldehyde are studied one day after administration of bromobenzene to mice pretreated with a polymeric form of zinc-metaUothionein from rat liver. It is found that zinc-metallothionein injected in a dose of 1-4 mg/kg 5-10 min prior to injection of bromobenzene (2 g/kg, about 56% of LDs0) markedly lowers the malonic dialdehyde level and active toxicity of this xenobiotic. Administration of a mixture modeling Zn-metaUothionein (albumin, cysteine, and zinc) in a dose of 4 mg/kg has no appreciable effect on the malonic dialdehyde level raised after bromobenzene injection, and does not change its LDs0. It is concluded that the protective effect of exogenous zinc-metallothionein is due to its antioxidant activity, which allows for normalization of lipid peroxidation.Metallothioneins (MT) are low-molecular-weight proteins containing up to 30% cysteine and capable of binding ions of heavy metals. MT synthesis is induced by toxic influences, which raises animals' resistance to them [6]. It is thought that the antioxidant activity of MT is one of the mechanisms underlying their antitoxic effects [6]. In fact, MT preparations do inhibit lipid peroxidation (LPO) in vitro [12]. Lipid peroxidation in rodents is suppressed after induction of the synthesis of endogenous MT by heavy metals [9]. At the same time, little is known about the effect of exogenous MT on LPO and other biological processes in vivo. Zn-MT reduces the damaging effect of Cd-MT in rats [15], mitigates the acute toxicity of ethanol [1], and protects mice against radiation [2]. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous Zn-MT on plasma and liver lev-Institute of Biophysics, Russian Ministry of Health; Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. {Presented by B. B. Moroz, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences) els of LPO products after the injection of bromobenzene, a compound inducing lipid peroxidation. MATERIALS AND METHODSExperiments were performed on male (CBA• B1)F 1 mice weighing 24-26 g. All solutions were injected intraperitoneally. Purification and characterization of Zn-MT from rat liver (the protein was dissolved in the standard 10 mM Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.4) were described elsewhere [1]. A polymeric form of Zn-MT, which is more stable in the organism, was obtained by a reported method [11]: lysine residues were cross-linked by glutaric aldehyde (Fluka), and the protein was separated from the low-molecular form on Sephadex G-75. After electrophoresis of the polymer under denaturating conditions, a wide band corresponding to a molecular weight range of 61-70 kD was obtained, which is consistent with the published data [11]. Thus, the polymeric form consisted of 8-10 Zn-MT monomers (6-7 kD) [6,11]. Mice were in-0007-4888/95/0001-0037512.50 9Plenum Publishing Corporation
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