Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) varieties are susceptible to many fungal diseases. Identification of forms, carrying resistance genes, is an important stage in breeding programs leading to resistant varieties. The use of molecular markers allows to determine with high reliability the presence of the necessary genes in the genome and to identify promising forms. Some of the common strawberry's diseases, causing significant damage to strawberry plantations, are anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds) and red stele root rot (Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman). Dominant Rca2 gene is involved in monogenic resistance to C. acutatum pathogenicity group 2. Rpf1, Rpf2, Rpf3 genes are determined in monogenic resistance to red stele root rot. The purpose of this study was molecular genetic testing genotypes of genus Fragaria L. to identify carriers of Rca2 allele anthracnose resistance and Rpf1 allele red stele root rot resistance. The objects of study were the wild species of the genus Fragaria L. and strawberry varieties (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) of different ecological and geographic origin. To assess allelic state Rca2 anthracnose resistance gene the dominant SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used, was linked to the resistance gene Rca2 with a genetic distance of 2.8 cM. Rpf1 gene red stele root rot resistance was identified with the dominant SCAR marker R1A, was linked to the resistance gene Rpf1 with a genetic distance of 3.0 cM. The resistant allele of the marker STS-Rca2_240 was identified in the Laetitia variety (Rca2Rca2 or Rca2rca2 genotype), which allows us to recommend it as a promising source in breeding for anthracnose resistance. The other studied forms have homozygous recessive state of the marker STS-Rca2_240 (putative genotype rca2rca2). The resistant allele of the marker SCAR-R1A in the varieties and wild species of strawberry under study is absent, which presumably indicates their homozygous recessive genotype of Rpf1 gene (rpf1rpf1).
Fruit aroma is an important consumer attribute of strawberry varieties. The key volatile compounds of the aromatic complex of strawberry fruit are mesifurane (fruity and caramel aromas) and γ-decalactone (fruity, sweet, or peachy aroma). The mesifurane content in strawberry fruit is controlled by the FaOMT gene, which is mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome VII-F.1. The γ-decalactone content in strawberry fruit is controlled by the FaFAD1 gene, mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome III-2. Identification of forms carrying genes for fruit flavor volatiles is an important step in breeding varieties with fragrant fruit. The use of molecular markers allows highly reliable detection of target gene alleles in a genome at early developmental stages. This study involves molecular genotyping of Fragaria L. varieties for the FaOMT and FaFAD1 genes, analysis of polymorphism of the loci in question, and identification of genotypes valuable for breeding. The objects of our study were wild species of the genus Fragaria L. and strawberry varieties (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) of different ecological and geographic origins. To assess the allelic states of the FaOMT gene, the codominant marker FaOMT-SI/NO was used, and for the FaFAD1 gene, the dominant marker FaFAD1. The functional allele of the FaOMT gene (FaOMT+) in the heterozygous state (FaOMT+FaOMT– genotype) was detected in 34.9 % of the accessions tested. The functional allele of the FaOMT gene in the homozygous state (FaOMT+FaOMT+ genotype) was detected in 51.2 % of the accessions. The homozygous state of the inactive allele (FaOMT–FaOMT– genotype) was detected in 13.9 % of the studied strawberry accessions. The FaFAD1 gene was identified in 25.6 % of the analyzed collection of strawberry genotypes, including the wild species F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. ovalis Rydb. The combination of functional alleles of the FaOMT and FaFAD1 genes was detected in 16.3 % of the analyzed forms. The wild species F. orientalis Los. and F. moschata Duch. and strawberry variety Red Gauntlet combine the functional allele of the FaFAD1 gene with the homozygous state of the active allele of the FaOMT gene; therefore, we recommend them as promising sources of high contents of mesifurane and γ-decactone in fruit in breeding programs for fruit aroma.
Red root spot (Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman) is one of the most important strawberry diseases in the temperate climate zone. Identification of forms, carrying resistance genes, is an important stage in breeding programs aimed at obtaining red root spot resistant strawberry varieties. Diagnostic DNA markers of target genes will increase reliability of identification and efficiency of strawberry breeding for the creation of resistant genotypes. The purpose of this study is analysis of polymorphism of wild species of Fragaria L. genus and strawberry varieties (F. × ananassa Duch.) according to the strawberry red root spot resistance gene Rpf1 using molecular markers. The research sunjects were the wild species F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. ovalis Rydb., F. virginiana Duch. ssp. platypetala and strawberry varieties (F. × ananassa Duch.) of different ecological and geographic origin. Total genomic DNA of strawberry was extracted from the fresh leaves using the Puchooa method. To assess the allelic state of Rpf1 gene, SCAR-R1A marker (linked to the Rpf1 dominant allele) and OPO-16C marker (linked to the rpf1 recessive allele) have been used. SCAR-R1A marker was identified in wild species F. virginiana Duch. ssp. platypetala (vegetation region: British Columbia, Canada), pineapple strawberry varieties Bylinnaya and promising selected forms 62-41 (Bylinnaya × Feyyerverk), 65-17 and 65-24 (Olimpiyskaya nadezhda × Bylinnaya). These genotypes are characterized by heterozygous Rpf1rpf1 genotype according to Rpf1 gene (both markers are present in genotype) and can be used as red root spot resistance source in marker-assisted selection. In the remaining studied genotypes of strawberry, SCAR-R1A marker was not detected, which presumably indicated their homozygous recessive genotype rpf1rpf1 according to Rpf1 gene. The research results can be useful for breeders of strawberry and researchers of plant biodiversity of p. Fragaria.
Background. Anthracnose, caused by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is one of the most important strawberry diseases. Strawberry yield losses from anthracnose lesions can reach 80%. Most strawberry cultivars are susceptible to anthracnose. Therefore, identification of the initial forms carrying resistance genes is a necessary step toward successful breeding of anthracnose-resistant cultivars. Use of molecular markers will increase reliability of identification and enhance effectiveness of strawberry breeding.Materials and methods. Biological material was represented by strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) of various ecological and geographical origin. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh leaves using the CTAB methods according to Puchooa (2004). To assess the allelic state of the Rca2 anthracnose resistance gene, the SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used. The SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was multiplexed with the microsatellite marker EMFv020 used as the positive PCR control.Results and conclusion. The SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240, mapping at about 2.8 cM from the Rca2 gene, was identified in the strawberry cultivars ‘Elianny’, ‘Troubadour’ and ‘Sudarushka’. Cvs. ‘Elianny’ and ‘Troubadour’ are presumably characterized by a dominant homozygous (Rca2Rca2) or heterozygous (Rca2rca2) genotype. Cv. ‘Sudarushka’ has the heterozygous state for the Rca2 anthracnose resistance gene (Rca2rca2). In the remaining cultivars studied, the marker STS-Rca2_240 was not detected (the prospective genotype is rca2rca2).
For the last time a lot of attention has been paid to strawberry as a garden crop. All this thanks to its preventive and medical benefits related to the consumption of its fruit. The paper presents the data analysis of foreign and domestic researchers on the accumulation of basic food components (sugars, organic acids), vitamins, mineral substances and other valuable ones in. Which determine the high antioxidant properties of strawberries. On the basis of scientific literature sources, the vitamin profile was compiled wich reflects the accumulation of vitamin groups, specific for a given crop. With all diversity of vitamins found in strawberry fruits, the fruits of this plant are primarily good as a valuable source of ascorbic acid, folic acid, polyphenolic compounds (anthocyanins, ellagic acid). As for mineral substances, the presence of iron amount confirms the fact. In spite of fact that the strawberry composition is studied enough, the further detailed characterization of genetic resources is necessary both by total antioxidant activity and by definite chemical components, the last ones, obviously, present the antioxidant complex of strawberry fruits. The given information will be a base for future related investigations of phytochemical compounds of fruits and berries. They are extraordinary important in healthy food of humans as well as in creation of nutraceutical products.
Селекциoнно-генетический центр -Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт генетики и селекции плодовых растений им. И.В. Мичурина, г. Мичуринск, Россия Оценка генетической коллекции земляники по содержанию в плодах антоциановОтражены результаты многолетнего исследования накопления антоцианов в ягодах большого набора сортов, гибридных сеянцев, элитных и отборных форм земляники генетической коллекции Всероссийского НИИ генетики и селекции плодовых растений им. И.В. Мичурина. На основе анализа разнообразного и многочисленного сортового фонда земляники установлено, что содержание антоцианов в плодах в среднем по коллекции находится на невысоком уровне и составляет 52,3 мг/100 г сырой массы (это указывает на недостаточное внимание в селекции к созданию форм с повышенным содержанием данных веществ), при этом размах варьирования количества антоцианов в плодах находится в широком диапазоне -10,5-171,6 мг/100 г. Изменчивость данного признака у гибридных сеянцев больше и составляет от 6,0 до 242,0 мг/100 г. Выделены перспективные генотипы с высоким накоплением антоцианов, представляющие интерес для селекции и практического использования: сорта Фейерверк -107,4 мг/100 г, Привлекательная -106,3 мг/100 г, Рубиновый кулон -103,1 мг/100 г, отборные сеянцы 3/2-3 (Фейерверк × Львовская ранняя) -242,0 мг/100 г, 3/3-16 (Фейерверк × Марышка) -176,0 мг/100 г, 3/6-15 (Рубиновый кулон × Марышка) -165,0 мг/100 г, 3/6-72 (Рубиновый кулон × Марышка) -178,2 мг/100 г. Выявлено, что, несмотря на все разнообразие гибридного потомства по содержанию антоцианов, наибольшее количество сеянцев с высоким их накоплением (от 80,0 до 100,0 мг/100 г и выше) получено в семьях, где обе родительские формы обладают высоким уровнем признака (Фейерверк, Привлекательная, Рубиновый кулон). Данные сорта рекомендуется использовать в качестве источников и доноров высокого содержания антоцианов в дальнейшей селекции. Ключевые слова: Fragaria × ananassa Duch; селекция; сорта; гибридные сеянцы; элитные формы. ВведениеЗа последние десятилетия антоцианы плодов и ягод стали темой многочисленных исследований. Их состав и количество во многом определяют пригодность сортов к замораживанию и технологической переработке, Р-витаминные и антиоксидантные свойства ягод. Установлено, что антиоксидантная активность коррелирует с общим содержанием фенольных со-
результаты комплексной оценки сортов генетической коллекции земляники ФГБНУ «ФНЦ имени И. В. Мичурина» по химическому составу и антиоксидантной ценности плодов. По каждому исследуемому биохимическому показателю выделены лучшие сорта -источники высокого содержания сахаров (Урожайная ЦГЛ, Привлекательная, Вима Кимберли, Яркая, Кокинская Заря), аскорбиновой кислоты (Кокинская Заря, Дукат, Купчиха, Памяти Зубова, Фестивальная Ромашка, Эльсанта), антоцианов (Фейерверк, Лакомая, Привлекательная, Флора), высокой суммарной антиоксидантной активности плодов (Привлекательная, Фейерверк, Памяти Зубова). Сорта Урожайная ЦГЛ, Привлекательная, Лакомая, Памяти Зубова, Фейерверк, Флора представляют интерес как для свежего потребления и переработки, так и для дальнейшей селекционной работы на улучшенный химический состав плодов.Ключевые слова: земляника, сорта, биохимический состав, аскорбиновая кислота, антоцианы Summary. The paper presents the results of integrated assessment of the strawberry varieties from the genetic collection of I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center for chemical composition and antioxidant value of fruits. For each biochemical parameter under study, the best varieties were identified: sources of high sugar content (Urozhaynaya TsGL, Privlecatelnaya, Vima Kimberly, Yarkaya, Kokinskaya zarya); sources of high ascorbic acid content (Kokinskaya Zarya, Dukat, Kupchikha, Pamyati Zubova, Festivalnaya romashka, Elsanta); sources of high anthocyanins content (Feyerverk, Lakomaya, Privlecatelnaya, Flora). The varieties Privlecatelnaya, Feyerverk, Pamyati Zubova were revealed by high total antioxidant activity of fruits. The varieties Urozhaynaya TsGL, Privlecatelnaya, Lakomaya, Pamyati Zubova, Feyerverk, Flora are of great interest for fresh consumption and processing as well as further breeding work for improvement of chemical composition of fruits.
The paper analysed three-year data (2017–2019) for chemical composition of fruit in promising selected strawberry seedlings (totally-more than 100 forms) from genetical pool of the I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center. Average values and the range of variation in the content of the main food and biologically active substances have been determined: soluble solids percentage varies from 8.7–17.0 % (mean 12.4 %), total sugars 5.8–13.2 % (mean 8.8 %), titrable acids — 0.54–1.34 % (mean 0.56 %), ascorbic acid — 44.0–110.4 mg/100 g (mean 72.9 mg/100 g), anthocyanins — 7.3–145.4 mg/100 g (mean 56.8 mg/100 g). In 2019 year the following selected forms 915-104 (298-22-19-21×Feyerverk), 20-8 (Prazdnichnaya×Dedanka), 28-19 (Lakomaya×Maryshka), 921-7 ([(516-167×Cardinal)×Feyerverk); 30-5 (Feyerverk×Privlekatelnaya) are characterized by high sugar accumulation (up to 10.0 %). In 2018 year the high vitamin C content (more over 100.0 mg/100 g) was observed in selected seedlings 914-27, 91459 (Festivalnaya×Privlekatelnaya), 56-9, 56-12 (Gigantella Maxim×Privlekatelnaya); high anthocyanin content (over 100.0 mg/100 g) was demonstrated (in selected seedlings 928-12 (298-19-9-43×Privlekatelnaya), 35-16 (922-67×Maryshka), 25-1 (Rubinovy Kulon×Maryshka), 21-44 (Urozhainaya CGL×Rubinovy Kulon). High and stable content of soluble solids, sugars and optimal acidity of fruit are registered in selected seedlings 26-5 (Rubinovy Kulon×298-19-9-43), 56-9 (Gigantella Maxim×Privlekatelnaya). The selected seedlings 914-9, 914-27 (Festivalnaya×Privlekatelnaya), 25-1 (Rubinovy Kulon×Maryshka), 56-8, 56-9 (Gigantella Maxim×Privlekatelnaya) exhibited the stable level of vitamin C content. High and stable anthocyanin content was confirmed in selected seedlings 914-9, 914-27 (Festivalnaya×Privlekatelnaya), 21-14 (Urozhainaya CGL×Rubinovy Kulon) and 25-1 (Rubinovy Kulon×Maryshka). According to the complex of biochemical characteristics the following selected forms were identified from the hybrid combination Festivalnaya×Privlekatelnaya: 914-27 (ascorbic acid — 90.2 mg/100 g, anthocyanins — 81.6 mg/100 g, sugars — 9.4 %), 914-9 (ascorbic acid — 89.8 mg/100 g, anthocyanins — 90.3 mg/100 g, sugars — 8.4 %).
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