To accelerate the healing processes in wound repair, attempts have been repeatedly made to use growth factors including thrombin and its peptide fragments. Unfortunately, the employment of thrombin is limited because of its high liability and pro-inflammatory actions at high concentrations. Some cellular effects of thrombin in wound healing are mediated by the activation of protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). The thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP:SFLLRN) activates this receptor and mimics the effects of thrombin, but TRAP is a relatively weak agonist. We speculated that the encapsulated peptide may be more effective for PAR-1 activation than nonimmobilized peptide and developed a novel method for TRAP encapsulation in hydrogel films based on natural and synthetic polymers. The effects of an encapsulated TRAP in composite poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-calcium alginate (PVCL) hydrogel films were investigated in a mouse model of wound healing. On day 7 the wound sizes decreased by about 60% under TRAP-chitosan-containing PVCL films, as compared with control films without TRAP. In the case of TRAP-polylysine-containing films no significant decrease in wound sizes was found. The fibroblast/macrophage ratio increased under TRAP-containing films on day 3 and on day 7. The number of proliferating fibroblasts increased to 150% under TRAP-chitosan films on day 7 as compared with control films. The number of [3H]-thymidine labeled endothelial and epithelial cells in granulation tissues was also enhanced. Thus, the immobilized TRAP to PVCL-chitosan hydrogel films were found to promote wound healing following the stimulation of fibroblast and epithelial cell proliferation and neovascularization. Furthermore, TRAP was shown to inhibit the secretion of the inflammatory mediator PAF from stimulated rat peritoneal mast cells due to augmentation of NO release from the mast cells. The encapsulated TRAP is suggested to accelerate wound healing due to the anti-inflammatory effects and earlier development of the proliferative phase of wound healing.

Blood coagulation plays a key role among numerous mediating systems that are activated in inflammation. Receptors of the PAR family serve as sensors of serine proteinases of the blood clotting system in the target cells involved in inflammation. Activation of PAR-1 by thrombin and of PAR-2 by factor Xa leads to a rapid expression and exposure on the membrane of endothelial cells of both adhesive proteins that mediate an acute inflammatory reaction and of the tissue factor that initiates the blood coagulation cascade. Certain other receptors (EPR-1, thrombomodulin, etc.), which can modulate responses of the cells activated by proteinases through PAR receptors, are also involved in the association of coagulation and inflammation together with the receptors of the PAR family. The presence of PAR receptors on mast cells is responsible for their reactivity to thrombin and factor Xa and defines their contribution to the association of inflammation and blood clotting processes.

Pistachio seede contain about 50% lipids which decrease during germination while carbohydrates content increase. Glyosysomes have been studied in many seeds of annual plants which contain the enzymes of p oxidation pathway and the glyoxylate cycle. For the first time we have investigated a prennial plant suh as pistachio.We have focused on changes in morphology of Glyoxysomes through light and electron microscopy and their specific enzyme such as isocitrate lysae and malate synthetase , suger and lipids, during germination of seeds in darkness from 16 hours to 25 days.The cytoenzymological studies of catalases has been done in semi and thin sections. The changes in enzyme activities, suger and lipid contents in endosperm show that with increasing suger content within 15 days ,the content of lipid decrease. The activity of malate synthetase was approximately similar to isocitrate lyase and maximum activity of enzymes have been noted on the 8th. day.In this research, the morphological results have been accompained with biochemical results.The activities of enzymes do not have a similar rythm to annual plants. The gradual degeneration of glyoxysomes during germination of seeds has been shown. It seems the transition of glyoxysomes to peroxysomes in pistachio Vera is not possible. Fibroneetins in the plasma from bovine. 1284 The evolution of fibroneetins in blood plasma from bovine and swine.Among endogenous grown factors that are involved in tissue repair, thrombin is very promising. It is engaged in the inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing promoting the proliferation of fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes, endothelial cells. The aim of the study was the investigation of the effect of encapsulated thrombin and peptides that modulate thrombin activity on tissue repair in a rat and mice model. Thrombin and peptides, namely thrombin receptor agonist peptide (ag PAR-1) and trypsin receptor agonist peptide (ag PAR-2) were entrapped in composite poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-calcium alginate (PVCL-Ca Alg) hydrogel films. The granulation tissue samples from wounds were studied by light microscopic radioautography, by testing DNA content and by measuring wound size on the 3rd and 7th day of healing. The obtained results were compared to those for control animals that had an open wound (without polymer dressing) or blank polymer films on the wound (without thrombin). In the case of films with thrombin, a proliferating fibroblast numbers, total microvessel numbers and number of microvessels with proliferating cells for experimental animals markedly exceeded those for control rats on the 3rd and 7th days of healing. O n day 7 the wound size was reduced approximately 2-fold for experimental rats, and did not change for the animals with open wound. In a mice model, on day 7 the wound size decreased 66,83 and 57% under thrombin-, ag PAR-1-and ag PAR-2-containing films, respectively, while this value for control film without thrombin or peptides was only 36%. Analisis of DNA content in granulation tissue pattern showed the ma...

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