Шубенко І. А. Тенденції діджиталізації на страховому ринку України Метою статті є дослідження теоретико-практичних засад діджиталізації та виявлення основних її тенденцій на страховому ринку України. Визначено, що діджиталізація-це не лише оцифрування інформації та поширення її через сучасні канали телекомунікації, але і процес впровадження нових телекомунікаційних технологій для поліпшення обслуговування клієнтів страхової організації. Враховуючи практичну діяльність у сфері страхування, виокремлено та проаналізовано основні діджитал-технології: вебсайт, соціальна мережа, чат-бот, вебфорум, відеохостинг, відеотелефонія, хмарні технології, автоматизовані системи перевірки достовірності страхових договорів. Досліджено, що частка страхових компаній, які мають сформовані вебсайти, складає 80% від загальної кількості страховиків, унесених до Державного реєстру фінансових установ в Україні. У статті на основі інформації, розміщеної на офіційних сайтах українських страхових компаній, проведено аналіз використання окремих елементів діджитал-технологій. На цій основі запропоновано визначено шість основних тенденцій діджиталізації українського страхового ринку: діджиталізація як новий напрямок формування страхового ринку лише розпочалася в Україні, але розвивається швидкими темпами; розширення системи діджитал-страхування, в яку входить цілий комплекс нових послуг, котрі пропонуються страховими компаніями своїм потенційним клієнтам та діючим страхувальникам; формування системи мобільного страхування через створення мобільних додатків; запровадження телематики; впровадження автоматизованих систем перевірки договорів страхування та використання хмарних технологій.
No decisive steps have been taken in Ukraine to introduce a cumulative level of pension provision. The significant number of risks is one of the reasons for this. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical foundations of hypothetical and real risks of the cumulative level of the pension system in Ukraine, which is expected to be introduced. A number of methods were used in the study, including abstract-logical, methods of analysis and synthesis and comparative analysis. It is argued that the cumulative level of pension provision will be characterized by a number of real risks: organizational and managerial risk, risk of high administrative costs, risk of depreciation of pension savings, selective risk, and risk of insufficient contributions. Hypothetical risks include market volatility risk and criminal risk. The cumulative level of pension provision is significantly affected by the risk of depreciation of pension savings, because given the high inflation rate and devaluation of the national currency, one should not expect a decent level of pensions in the long term, even taking into account the investment component of the cumulative level. It has been established that the domestic legal framework does not specify a mechanism for protection against such a risk, which undermines credibility to the functioning of the entire cumulative component of the pension system. Selective risk and the risk of financial market volatility are closely related to financial market trends and, under adverse conditions, may manifest themselves in the investment component of pension savings. It has been determined that the mechanism for overcoming such risks has not been defined in regulatory legal acts yet. Jointly, these risks determine the lack of principal steps in the process of reforming the modern pension system. In the case of the introduction of the cumulative level of pension provision, a system should be provided to prevent the risks of depreciation of pension savings and selective risks. Further studies will address the mechanisms that can prevent or reduce selective risks and risks of depreciation of pension savings.
The development of non-cash forms of payment, the introduction of bank cards, Internet resources in the field of payments, is a characteristic feature of everyday life. In 2020–2021, due to quarantine measures, Ukrainians increasingly began to choose non-cash payments, payments and online purchases. The active use of the latest information technologies has led to the growth of various manifestations of fraud in the field of public relations, ranging from financial and credit and ending with foreign economic activity and the Internet. Financial fraud, which is a system of relations in the field of money circulation and financial obligations, the purpose of which is to misappropriate the financial resources of banks and/or their customers by deceiving or abusing the trust or position of citizens/employees of banking institutions. The imperfect legal system contributes to the fact that the state continues to actively implement various fraudulent schemes. It has been established that the main type of fraud in the banking sector is payment card fraud. The most common types of fraudulent transactions with bank cards are considered. Based on the analysis of the consequences of cyber-fraud, which occur in the use of payment instruments by banks, it is determined that the most vulnerable place is the client himself, who under the influence of various methods of social engineering becomes the object of fraud. Based on statistical data, the dynamics of the number and structure of crimes related to financial fraud in Ukraine is analyzed and the high level of their latency is emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the important role of the state in overcoming this negative phenomenon. Ensuring the effective functioning of commercial banks, the proper level of their financial security is impossible without the formation and implementation of an effective system for detecting and preventing financial fraud in banking institutions. Analyzing the modern security system, simple rules for using software and electronic payment systems, which are used all over the world, have been introduced. There are also ways to combat financial fraud in general and bank card transactions in particular, which has a positive effect on improving the financial security of a commercial bank.
The article aims at studying the current state of Ukraine's national debt and developing directions for its optimization. It is established that the currency component in the structure of Ukraine's national debt is slightly lower than the threshold level for the currency component in the debt structure set by the IMF for developing countries. This structure of Ukraine’s national debt indicates the dependence of the domestic financial system on currency exchange rate fluctuations and the need to increase foreign exchange costs for servicing debt obligations. The amount of debt on loans from international financial organizations and government agencies of foreign countries comprises about a third of the total amount of national and guaranteed debt, indicating significant support Ukraine receives from its international partners, especially from the International Monetary Fund. The currency component in Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt indicates high vulnerability of its financial system to currency shocks. It is established that the structure of Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt by types of interest rates is quite optimistic and indicates a low vulnerability of public finances to interest rate risks. The size of Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt in hryvnia equivalent increased during 2013–2020 by more than 4.4 times, and its growth in USD was quite moderate. It is determined that during 2020 the size of Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt increased by 27.7% in hryvnia equivalent, due to the following situations: financing the state budget deficit; the allocation of funds to combat COVID-19; national currency devaluation, etc. The ratio of national and state-guaranteed debt to GDP, reaching a maximum of 81.0% at the end of 2016, gradually decreased to 50.3% at the end of 2019, which corresponds to the norm established by the national legislation. However, the values of this index for the period under review exceed the threshold level of national debt set by international standards for countries with emerging markets (30-50% of GDP). It is shown that the 2013 2019 period saw a tendency to increase the total cost of repayment and servicing of Ukraine’s national debt, which creates the risk of refinancing national debt, causes additional pressure on the state budget and GDP, and limits Ukraine’s ability to finance its social and economic goals of social development. The main risks for Ukraine’s debt obligations are highlighted, and ways to optimize them are outlined. The need to establish a National Debt Management Agency, the activity of which would help reduce both the debt burden and the cost of public debt servicing, is substantiated.
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