The antimicrobial effect of the leaf extract and fractions of Lupinus arboreus was investigated. The crude methanol extract (CME) of the dried leaves obtained by 48 h cold maceration was fractionated into n-hexane fraction (HEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and methanol fraction (MEF); and evaluated using modified agar-well diffusion method. The results showed that the extract and fractions at varying concentrations, exerted strong antimicrobial activity on some of the test organisms. However, a weak activity was observed on the tested fungi-Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity on many organisms than extract and other fractions.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two processing methods (smoking and solar drying) on the proximate content, organoleptic characteristics and nutritional qualities of Clarias gariepinus. The moisture content of the smoked fish sample was lower (8.10%) than that of the sun dried sample (25.00%). The crude protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract of the smoked fish sample were 67.20, 1.75, 13.20, 5.50, 3.68 and 2.32%, respectively, compared to 52.50, 4.07, 17.40, 11.40, 2.00 and 18.30% observed in the sun-dried fish, respectively. Mean scores of organoleptic evaluation showed that both processed fish products were preferred (≥ 7.00) by the trained panellists. However, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the two processed fish products in terms of organoleptic assessment. Smoked fish had better flavour, taste, texture and general acceptability than the solar-dried fish as revealed by the panellists. With better reduction in moisture content and higher protein content observed in fish subjected to smoking, it is concluded that smoking is better than solar drying in the processing of C. gariepinus.
OBJECTIVE:People generally use lime and lemon when weight reduction is anticipated. This work was carried out to determine the effect of these fruits in hypercholesterolaemic induced rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD:Sixteen (16) albino rats were used and grouped into four groups of four (4) each. The rats were allowed to acclimatize and fed with egg yolk for seven days to induce hypercholesterolaemic state. Water, lemon, lime and lime+lemon were administered to these groups respectively. Cholesterol level was analyzed in all the groups after two (2) weeks of the administration of the fruits. RESULTS:The result showed a statistical decrease in the groups treated with lime, lemon and lime+lemon. The lime+lemon group showed a more significant decrease (p<0.05) in both cholesterol level and body weight when compared with the control group and other groups. This reduction may be as a result of the contents of the fruits. CONCLUSION:It can therefore be concluded that lime and lemon helps in the lowering of blood cholesterol level and body weight.
The rebirth and use of medicinal plants in aquaculture has become necessary as the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals is been discouraged due to their aftermath effects on cultured organisms and aquatic environment. A 56-day study was conducted to assess the effects of Roselle and ginger as dietary additives, on growth and hematology of Clarias gariepinus juvenile. Total of 150 C. gariepinus juveniles (35.41±1.45 g) were assigned to five iso-nitrogenous diets as treatments having ginger and roselle added as additives at varying inclusion levels of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/100 g. Best growth performance was observed in 4.0 g ginger treated fish followed by 4.0 g roselle fed fish group, while 2.0 g roselle fed fish had the lowest growth performance. Significant changes (p˂0.05) were observed in the haematology of C. gariepinus fed varying inclusion levels of ginger and roselle. Highest values for red blood cells (4.07±0.08), haemoglobin (11.61±0.57) and pack cell volume (34.33±0.88) were seen in 4.0 g ginger treatment group followed by the control (3.63±0.22, 9.93±0.92 and 30.33±2.73), respectively. No significant changes were observed in red blood cells indices (mean corpular volume, mean corpular hemoglobin and mean corpular hemaglobin concentration). The current study revealed that fish fed 4.0 g ginger diet had better growth and haematological profile.
Aims: The current study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of intestinal helminths in freshwater fishes. Study Design: The study was a survey done to establish the type of intestinal parasite found in freshwater fish in the rivers. Place and Duration of Study: The fish samples were collected from Amansea and Ebenebe Rivers from November 2021 to January 2022. Methodology: Intestinal parasites of three (3) fish species commonly found in these rivers (Parachanna obscura, Clarias gariepinus, and Ctenopoma kingsleyae) were examined. A comparative evaluation of the prevalence and distribution of the parasite was done in relation to their gender, location, weight, and length. Results: A total of 24 fish samples were collected in the Amansea River and 26 samples were collected in Ebenebe River. Seventeen (17) samples of P. obscura, 21 samples of C. gariepinus and 12 samples of C. kingsleyae caught with the cast nets of various mesh sizes and gill traps by artisanal fishermen in Rivers were bought early in the morning, transported to the Laboratory and identified based on morphological features. Out of a total of 50 fish sampled, 17 fishes (34% of the total sample) were infected by intestinal helminths. P. obscura had the highest parasite prevalence (47.06%) followed by C. gariepinus (42.86%). However, no parasite was recorded in C. kingsleyae. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Ebenebe (18.00%) was higher than in Amansea (16.00) with a significant difference in prevalence (p<0.05), while parasite abundance was higher in Amansea (50.94%) than in Ebenebe (49.06%) with significant difference (p<0.05). Females had the highest prevalence (35.00%) against male fishes (33.33%) with no significant difference. A total number of 53 parasites belonging to 7 genera were recovered in this study. Parasites identified were nematodes: Procamallanus sp. (41.5%), Camallanus sp. (9.43%), Rhabdochona sp. (26.42%), Contracaecum sp. (7.55%), and Spinitectus sp. (5.66%); cestodes: Polyonchobothrium sp. (5.66%); and trematodes: Clinostomum sp (3.77%). The highest parasite abundance was recorded in Procamallanus sp. (41.5%), while Clinostomum sp had the least (3.77%). Conclusion: This study revealed that the prevalence of intestinal parasites in freshwater fish is relatively high. Therefore, fish consumers should subject the fish to proper processing before consumption as some of these parasites are of zoonotic importance.
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