The state policy of protectionism in the agri-food sector yielded ambiguous results, such as success in agriculture and achievement of food security thresholds on the one hand, and a sharp increase in food prices on the other. Sugar market has satisfied domestic demand and therefore needs either export expansion or production restriction. The article analyses the development dynamics of the sugar beet industry and sugar consumer market in 2000-2021. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of existing state support measures in the sugar market, considering changes in import substitution. It is hypothesised that in case of saturation of the market with domestic products, the state should support consumers rather than producers. Statistical data analysis and simulation modelling were used as the main research methods. Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) was chosen to indicate changes in state support. Domestic market volume under constant demand was assessed. Given that the average per capita sugar consumption remains at 39 kg/person, domestic consumption is 5.8 million tonnes. Considering current production volumes (7.6 million tonnes), the equilibrium price of sugar is estimated at 37 roubles/kg. Calculated NPC values show the dominance of market price transfers for sugar producers. Thus, it is necessary to switch to unrelated support measures for strengthening the effect of market mechanisms. The results can be adapted to develop specific agricultural policy instruments. Future research may conduct deeper structural analysis of selected segments of food markets in order to identify regional and corporate characteristics of participant interaction and adjustment of state regulation measures.
Introduction: Apart from the targeted production of many metal and oxide nanomaterials with desired properties (so- called engineered nanoparticles) and their wide and diverse use in engineering, science, and medicine, even more important potential health risks to human health may be associated with some old technologies. Non-engineered metal oxide nanoparticles (MeO-NPs) generated spontaneously during arc welding, production of steel and non-ferrous metals, pollute the workplace and ambient air along with submicron particles (> 100 nm) of the same metal oxides. The most important sources of by-production of zinc oxide nanoparticles include primary smelting or re-smelting of brass, an alloy of copper and zinc of various proportions (sometimes with a much lower amount of lead, tin, and other metals). The rationale of the study of the comparative and combined toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) is their simultaneous presence in aerosol emissions from brass metallurgy. The objective of our study was to estimate the comparative and combined toxicity of ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs. Methods: Stable suspensions of MeO-NPs obtained by laser ablation of 99.99 % pure zinc and copper under a layer of deionized water, were injected intraperitoneally 18 times during 6 weeks to outbred male rats separately (in equal mass doses) or in combination for a comparative assessment and analysis of the type of the combined exposure to the studied nanoparticles for a large number of signs (including DNA fragmentation). Results: We established that, judging by some direct and indirect evidence, the subchronic effect of ZnO-NPs on the body was more detrimental than that of CuO-NPs. The mathematical description of the results using the response surface method showed that, similar to other previously studied binary toxic combinations, the response of the body to the combined exposure to CuO and ZnO nanoparticles was characterized by a complex interaction of various types of combined toxicity, depending on the effect it was evaluated for, the levels of the effect and doses. When analyzing the type of the combined effect of ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs, we observed both the antagonism and additivity according to some indicators of the state of the body, which makes us evaluate their combined exposure as dangerous.
Outbred white female rats were exposed to an aerosol of lead oxide nanoparticles in a nose-only inhalation setup at an average concentration of 1.30 ± 0.10 mg / m3 during 5 days for 4 hours a day. In parallel, the control group of rats was subjected to sham exposure under similar conditions. The deposition of nanoparticles in the lungs and in the olfactory region of the brain was detected using transmission electron microscopy. Some disorders of the body state were detected in the exposed group, some of which can be considered as the result of a lead-specific toxic effect (an increase in the proportion of reticulocytes and in urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid), and others - the result of nanoparticles circumventing the blood-brain barrier (axon demyelination, vacuolization of the neurons’ cytoplasm).
Background: Lead oxide nanoparticles are emitted in the workplace air of copper smelters. They are also a by-product in many other metallurgical industries. Objectives: Adverse health effects of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) were assessed in vivo using various routes of exposure with special attention paid to particle cardiotoxicity. Materials and methods: The subacute inhalation experiments were conducted on outbred female rats exposed to the generated aerosol of PbO-NPs in the concentration of 1.30 ± 0.10 mg/m3, 4 hours a day during five consecutive days, using the Nose-Only Inhalation Exposure System. The study of subchronic exposure to PbO-NPs was conducted on male rats using intraperitoneal injections made thrice a week during six weeks (18 injections in total). Conclusions: Following both types of exposure to PbO-NPs, we observed changes in toxicological indices including those specific for lead including a decrease in hemoglobin counts, an increase in blood reticulocyte counts and urine concentrations of δ-aminolevulenic acid. The subacute inhalation exposure to PbO-NPs affected electrocardiographic findings in animals (an increase in amplitudes of P and T waves) while the subchronic intraperitoneal injections decreased blood pressure and changed biochemical indices of the cardiovascular system (decreased activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and the concentration of endodelin-1).
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