Abstract-The interindividual age-related decrease in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was reported in many cross-sectional studies. However, the long-term intraindividual decrease in BRS has never been confirmed by longitudinal studies. Data obtained from a 5-year prospective study designed to assess the 5-year stress effects on blood pressure (BP) provided the opportunity to assess longitudinal aging process on spectrally determined BRS (S-BRS) using the cross spectral analysis. This analysis was carried out in 205 men aged between 18 and 50 years who had 2 valid beat to beat BP recordings (Finapress) at a mean 5-year interval. At inclusion and at end of follow-up, S-BRS was significantly correlated with age (rϭϪ0. 50, PϽ0.001, rϭϪ0.33, PϽ0.001 respectively). Interestingly, the slopes and the intercepts were not significantly different at a 5-year interval. This result is in favor of the good reproducibility of S-BRS. The attenuation with age of S-BRS was calculated at 3.6% a year. This decrease was slightly higher than the one obtained with the baseline data (2.3% per year). This longitudinal study provided, for the first time, an estimate of the slope of the age-related physiological S-BRS decrease in a mid-aged healthy male population. Our findings reinforce the interest of evaluating spontaneous BRS reported to predict hypertension and cardiovascular events in various populations. Key Words: mental stress Ⅲ baroreflex Ⅲ hypertension Ⅲ blood pressure Ⅲ reproducibility B aroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is a relevant index of the autonomic control of blood pressure (BP). Historically, BRS was determined using drug-induced BP and heart rate (HR) opposite variations. More recently, noninvasive techniques of determining spontaneous BRS have been implemented, 1-3 the spectral method being one of the most popular. The spectral determination of BRS (S-BRS) is a reliable measure of BRS because it has often been reported to be correlated with the pharmacologically determined BRS. 4 -7 S-BRS is easy to determine, and repeated measures are easy to make. Aging process on S-BRS has already been reported in several cross sectional studies. 8 -12 Such studies only report interindividual S-BRS variation with age. Thus, S-BRS has consistently been reported to decrease with age. Physiological aging in men was associated with a marked reduction in baroreflex buffering. A differential aging process on baroreflex buffering BP and cardiovagal baroreflex was reported. 10 The decrease in baroreflex buffering with aging was related to an increase in basal sympathetic nerve activity and to a reduction in systemic Alpha1-adrenergic vascular responsiveness whereas the decrease in cardiovagal baroreflex was related to a decrease in parasympathetic pathways. 10,13 However, to our knowledge, the intraindividual BRS alteration with age has never been reported. For that purpose, we analyzed the S-BRS 5-year aging process in a cohort of 205 healthy young men. This unique data set was extracted from a 5-year follow-up study designed to assess stress ...
Abstract-We have reported that high job strain was associated with a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 4.5 mm Hg during the working hours, irrespective of BP reactivity to a stress test. We report the final results of the first 5-year follow-up study, which aimed to assess the respective influences of perception of professional strain and cardiovascular reactivity to a mental stress test on BP. A cohort of 292 healthy subjects (meanϮSEM age, 38Ϯ1 years) was followed up for progression to hypertension outcome, which was defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or DBP Ͼ7 mm Hg or a DBP Ͼ95 mm Hg during follow-up. None of the subjects was lost to follow-up, and 209 subjects completed the study. The high-strain (HS) group, representing 20.9% of the subjects, was compared with the remaining subjects (non-high-strain [NHS]). Similarly, the subjects with the highest BP stress reactivity (HR; 20.9% of subjects) were compared with the remaining subjects (NHR). Progression to hypertension was reached by 93 subjects (31.8%). Kaplan-Meier survival estimates revealed that neither HS nor HR increased the incidence of progression to hypertension. End-of-follow-up 24-hour ambulatory BPs that were similar in HS and NHS (120Ϯ2 vs 120Ϯ1 mm Hg, respectively) and in HR and NHR (122Ϯ2 vs 120Ϯ1 mm Hg, respectively) confirmed our findings. Age, alcohol, salt diet, body mass index, and occupation did not interfere with our results. In conclusion, cardiovascular HR and HS do not appear to be major risk markers for future high BP in healthy, young adults. Key Words: epidemiology Ⅲ stress Ⅲ clinical trials Ⅲ hypertension, essential Ⅲ blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory P sychological stress is hypothesized as 1 of the major environmental factors implicated in the genesis of hypertension. Among various psychological stresses, the most investigated has been job-related stress. It was defined by Karasek et al 1 as the combination of high psychological demand and low latitude on the job. To date, only 3 studies designed to assess the long-term effect of job strain on blood pressure (BP) have produced controversial results. 2-4 The most convincing 1 was a case-control study, which found that high job strain was associated with a 3-year increase in systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP) of 5/3 mm Hg, supporting the hypothesis that job strain might be an etiologic factor in the genesis of essential hypertension. 4 The effects of stressors on cardiovascular regulation involve 2 components that have never been studied concomitantly. The first component is individual stress perception, quantified by questionnaires, and the second is individual cardiovascular reactivity to stress, assessed by a BP surge in response to stress tests. We recently reported the results of a cross-sectional analysis 5 of a prospective study in which subjective perception of job strain was evaluated by the questionnaire developed by Karasek et al, 1 and stress cardiovascular reactivity was measured by the Stroop stress test. The main re...
The C-G formula for estimating GFR yields similar clinical values in black Caribbeans and in Caucasians, but the same limitations were observed in both ethnic groups.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.