Reprodu.ced by t CL EAR 1MG OU SE forIRINA L. RABOTNOVA. FOIEWORD TO THE GrRKAN TRANSLATIONI is not simple to translate a 3cientific work. writ.ten in a fpreign Zamxge and in the characteristic style of that language, so that it is also easily readable in its new style. This is espeoially "trie for translations from Russian. We worked hard, together with the a* , fir a good solution to this problem. If we have not always Ssu..,eeded, we beg the reader's indulgence.We havv followed the .ast edition of Bergey's Manual. 1957, for type despotc,•f b&c-cerla and aztinomycetes.We attempted to iden tily the types iiot fond there by using the 1959 German edition of Kraisilnikov's DiaNosis of bateria and A.tincoyQetes.Types whose dp,.gnation is not ascertainable either from the Manual or in Kras-... ra i.ioJ6.-ted in the footnotes. )I! q irigaluly it was believed that the two kinds of metabolism were quite independent of each other. According to this point of view the release of energy consumed for predominantly endothermic constructive processes depends only on the energy processes.Tausson (1950) observed that there is a relationship between dissimilatory and assimilatory metabolism. The products of the incomplete oxidation of the substrate are, therefore, not only valuable for thr. organism, because a certain amount of energy is released by their formation, but they are also important as building material for the construction of the bocy substances, Thus, for example, th.7 act as intermediate products in the formation of sugar Aolecule compounds that serve as starting material for the synthesis of amino acids. The complete oxidation of the substrate is not necessary for the utilization of the greatest possible amount of energy. The products of incomplete oxidation can serve synthesis as Ise-mimaafactured' itemu for whose assimilation slighter amounts of energy are reqmired. Clifton (1946Clifton ( , 1952) also sees, in biological synthesis, a series of reactions in which intermediate products from the catabolism of energy producing compounds participate. According to Clifton, the provision of compounds for constructive metabolism is more important than the total amount of released energy in the catabolism of organic compounds in respiration or fermentation WAtbbolinm. The acetyl group is one of the most important building materish of this origin. Synthetic and catatolic processes are, cjnseqaently, related to each other not only aco)rding to the balance of energy, but also according to soich-ometric relationships. The released energy is only a 'by-product 9 l similar to water and carbon dioxide. Veselov and his collaborators (1934, 1955) developed the ideas of Tausson, Clifton and others further.Synthesis dous not always occur with utilization of the energy content of organic compounds, as is the case with carbon heterotrophs. In carbon antotrohio microorganisms the reduction of C02, with which &asi-milation is stwrted, is tied to the supply of energy. Photoautotrophio orgaiisms are able to utilize light energy for thi...
During their life micro-organisms produce great quantities of various substances in the medium. These substances are the byproducts of katabolic processes,fermentation products in anaerobes and products of partial oxidation in aerobes. This type of substances has been rather well studied in the processes of carbohydrate utilization by micro-organisms. As a rule, in cases of partial oxidation or fermentation of carbohydrates acids or neutral products are accumulated in great quantities to an extent that they can be used even industrially. When other substances are used in the energy metabolism of microorganisms, products of fermentation or partial oxidation are also produced in the medium, although they are not as well studied as the products of carbohydrate transformation.Various substances are formed in the medium during the life of micro-organisms not only during the catabolism. The latest data indicate the fact that during the process of anabolism, there is not only uptake of substances from the medium but others are also excreted.Cases are known where amino-acids are educed. This can be observed when there are given d l adequate conditions for the synthesis of some amino-acids and when they are synthesized in excessive quantities. Photosynthesizing bacteria eject hemin substances which are component parts of the chlorophyll molecule (LASCELLES 1959). The production of coproporphyrin was observed in yeast organisms ( SRAVLOVSKY and BOGATCHUK, 1958). KISSELEVA and JEROEIN (1961) reportet the production of porphyrin during the life of certain actinomycetes while studying the fluorescence spectra of their cultural fluid. The production of nitrogenous substances in young cultures of Azotobacter was also observed. (RABOTNOVA and GLAOOLEVA, 1953, RABOTNOWA and RADIONOVA, 1961), but their chemical nature is unknown.Thus, the microbial cell surrounds itself during its life with various products, the appearance of which is connected with the energy-metabolism or constructive metabolism. The question arises whether all these substances are only wasteproducts useless for the future life of micro-organisms. The study of the correlation and interplay between micro-organisms and the pH of the medium gave us reasons to believe that the products of vital activity are far from being useless to the cells. Besides being waste products, these substances regulate the conditions in the medium.
A discussion of the experimental data is presented.Cells of Candida utilis grown in continuous culture under the influence of rather high concentrations of copper ions have been studied biochemically, morphologically, and cytologically. Although under these conditions a new steady state has been adjusted, the population is much more differentiated than under control conditions. With regard to their size, structure, and viability the cells have been arranged into 4 groups. Generally, the „copper cells”︁ in comparison with the „normal cells”︁ are more voluminous (average: 2.5 times; maximum: 4 times) and of altered structure. The appearance of dense particles („copper containing particles”︁), globules („lipid globules”︁), vacuoles, and the thickening of the cell wall, as well as the disappearance of the mitochondrial cristae have been shown as characteristic indications for damage in the cell substructure caused by the influence of copper ions. Occasionally abnormal cell shapes can be observed.A permanent influence of copper ions in the concentration used was followed also by striking disturbances of the cell metabolism. The cells take up more carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, whereas protein synthesis and respiratory activity decrease. Both the synthesis of lipids and polysaccharides and the phosphohydrolase activity increase.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.