The Importance of Physical-Chemical Factors (Ph and Rh2) for the Life Activity of Microorganisms

Abstract

Reprodu.ced by t CL EAR 1MG OU SE forIRINA L. RABOTNOVA. FOIEWORD TO THE GrRKAN TRANSLATIONI is not simple to translate a 3cientific work. writ.ten in a fpreign Zamxge and in the characteristic style of that language, so that it is also easily readable in its new style. This is espeoially "trie for translations from Russian. We worked hard, together with the a* , fir a good solution to this problem. If we have not always Ssu..,eeded, we beg the reader's indulgence.We havv followed the .ast edition of Bergey's Manual. 1957, for type despotc,•f b&c-cerla and aztinomycetes.We attempted to iden tily the types iiot fond there by using the 1959 German edition of Kraisilnikov's DiaNosis of bateria and A.tincoyQetes.Types whose dp,.gnation is not ascertainable either from the Manual or in Kras-... ra i.ioJ6.-ted in the footnotes. )I! q irigaluly it was believed that the two kinds of metabolism were quite independent of each other. According to this point of view the release of energy consumed for predominantly endothermic constructive processes depends only on the energy processes.Tausson (1950) observed that there is a relationship between dissimilatory and assimilatory metabolism. The products of the incomplete oxidation of the substrate are, therefore, not only valuable for thr. organism, because a certain amount of energy is released by their formation, but they are also important as building material for the construction of the bocy substances, Thus, for example, th.7 act as intermediate products in the formation of sugar Aolecule compounds that serve as starting material for the synthesis of amino acids. The complete oxidation of the substrate is not necessary for the utilization of the greatest possible amount of energy. The products of incomplete oxidation can serve synthesis as Ise-mimaafactured' itemu for whose assimilation slighter amounts of energy are reqmired. Clifton (1946Clifton ( , 1952) also sees, in biological synthesis, a series of reactions in which intermediate products from the catabolism of energy producing compounds participate. According to Clifton, the provision of compounds for constructive metabolism is more important than the total amount of released energy in the catabolism of organic compounds in respiration or fermentation WAtbbolinm. The acetyl group is one of the most important building materish of this origin. Synthetic and catatolic processes are, cjnseqaently, related to each other not only aco)rding to the balance of energy, but also according to soich-ometric relationships. The released energy is only a 'by-product 9 l similar to water and carbon dioxide. Veselov and his collaborators (1934, 1955) developed the ideas of Tausson, Clifton and others further.Synthesis dous not always occur with utilization of the energy content of organic compounds, as is the case with carbon heterotrophs. In carbon antotrohio microorganisms the reduction of C02, with which &asi-milation is stwrted, is tied to the supply of energy. Photoautotrophio orgaiisms are able to utilize light energy for thi...

Redox potential (Eh) and pH as drivers of soil/plant/microorganism systems: a transdisciplinary overview pointing to integrative opportunities for agronomy

“…or Azotobacter sp. require a higher Eh, but can develop over a much wider range (Rabotnova and Schwartz 1962). Fungi develop more than bacteria under moderately reducing conditions (Eh > + 250 mV), while bacteria are more abundant than fungi under highly reducing conditions (Eh < 0 mV) (Seo and DeLaune 2010).…”

“…Most soil bacteria develop between pH 4.5 and 10 (Baas Becking et al 1960). Diversity is highest in neutral soils and minimum in acidic soils Lauber et al 2009) The ecological behavior of microbes is determined, among other ways, by their ability to adapt themselves to wider or narrower pH ranges and by the limits of the pH range within which multiplication is possible (Rabotnova and Schwartz 1962). For instance, thio-bacteria have a very wide potential environment, while algae are found literally everywhere (Baas Becking et al 1960).…”

“…For instance, thio-bacteria have a very wide potential environment, while algae are found literally everywhere (Baas Becking et al 1960). Saprophytic bacteria, which are widespread in soil and water, can exist under very diverse conditions (Rabotnova and Schwartz 1962). Highly ubiquitous Actinomycetes increase in alkaline soils (Roger and Garcia 2001), while Trichoderma prefer acid conditions (Steyaert et al 2010).…”

“…Microorganisms that are adapted to special locations and special ecological conditions, somewhat like pathogenic bacteria, mostly have a narrow pH range (Rabotnova and Schwartz 1962). Many pathogenic fungi develop preferably at a slightly low pH.…”

“…At the same time, microorganisms are known to be able to modify the Eh and the pH of their surrounding medium, depending on their requirements; further, they have this ability to a considerably greater degree than other organisms (Rabotnova and Schwartz 1962). Potter (1911) was probably the first to draw attention to the fact that microbial cultivation generates a lowering of the Eh.…”