Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is extremely problematic worldwide, particularly where Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, the most serious and devastating of citrus diseases, is found. The threat is a result of its ability to transmit the causal agent of HLB, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) bacterium. Improvements in proteomics, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics tools and gene ontology annotation facilitate the mapping and large‐scale identification and quantification of proteins. To date, only a few comparative proteomic studies report the developmental proteomic changes of hemimetabolous and plant–disease vector insects. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of D. citri total protein is able to detect qualitative and quantitative developmental differences. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry identifies 89 protein spots. Most proteins are metabolism and bioenergetics‐related. Nineteen protein spots are found to be implicated in stress/defence/immunity; 7 in development regulation; 9 in nervous system functions; 4 in the reproductive system; 23 in cytoskeleton and muscle organization; and 4 in movement, flight and other processes. Significant increases in the level of proteins related to structural constitution of the skeleton, stress/defence/immunity, reproduction system, muscles, locomotion and flight are found in adults, consistent with the fact that D. citri is a hemimetabolous insect, whereas proteins involved in developmental regulation are higher in the nymphal stage. The identification of these variably expressed proteins between the nymph and adult stages, linked with the basis of their physiological roles, will lead to a better understanding of the factors influencing development in D. citri and the regulation of some crucial metabolic pathways. It may also help to identify targets for genetic manipulation using RNA interference or other techniques to disrupt Asian citrus psyllid development, lifespan or its ability to transmit CLas.
olerant varieties to insect species represent one of the simplest and important methods of insect pest control to minimize the insecticide hazards. Therefore, susceptibility of five soybean varieties to infestation with some piercing-sucking insects: aphids, Aphis spp.; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and leafhoppers, Empoasca spp. were evaluated at Sakha Agric. Res. Station Farm, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during 2016 and 2017 seasons. The obtained results showed significant differences in susceptibility between the tested soybean varieties to the mentioned insects for every season and from season to another. In general, the population density of whitefly and aphids were higher in the first season than the second one, while the reverse was found for leafhoppers.Based on the grand mean number of the two study seasons, variety Crawford was significantly the most infested variety to infestation with leafhoppers and aphids, while the least infested variety for aphids was Giza35 and for leafhoppers was Hybrid30. As for the whitefly, Giza35 significantly was the most infested variety, while Crawford was the least infested one. In respect to the resistance status of the tested varieties to the insects, Crawford and Hybrid30 showed susceptiblity to aphid infestation, while the other varieties exhibited low resistance. Giza111 and Giza35 appeared as susceptible for whitefly, Giza21 and Hybrid30 showed low resistance, while Crawford was moderately resistant. Concerning leafhoppers, Giza111 and Crawford were susceptible. Giza21 showed low resistance, while Hybrid30 was moderately resistant.
Feeding experiment was carried out on Cassida vittata Vill. under out door conditions. Sugar-beet leaf area consumption of larval and adult stages was estimated. The mean sugar-beet leaf area consumption was 170.5 mm 2 per larva during 17 days. The 4th and 5 th instars consumed 84.4% of the total leaf area consumption. The newly emerged adult consumed 754.3 mm 2 of sugar-beet foliage during 28 days, while reactivated adult consumed 2369 mm 2 for a period of 80 days, the mean sugar-beet leaf area consumed by one adult over mature stage (before and after diapause) was 3123.3 mm 2 , represents Ca. 94.8% of the total consumption. The mean consumed by a single individual of Cassida vittata throughout its life span (larva and adult) was 3293.8 mm 2 for a period of 125 days. The adult female laid an average of 190.7 + 7.44 eggs/female and oviposition period averaged 37.67 + 3.06 days.
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