The problems of unused lands began to be dealt with almost immediately after the introduction of economic reforms. As a result of economic reforms, privatization in agriculture, the main agricultural enterprises - state farms, collective farms changed the form of ownership, and enterprises were also subdivided. As a result, a significant number of private enterprises, joint-stock companies of various types, agricultural cooperatives, peasant farms and private subsidiary farms appeared. Often, as a result of division and fragmentation, newly created enterprises found themselves without the appropriate material and technical base, and more often without financial resources. The next result of economic reforms was a spontaneous increase in the disparity of prices for agricultural and industrial products. As a result, it became impossible to carry out work on cultivation of agricultural crops on all available areas or to carry out work with violation of the technology of agricultural crops cultivation. As a result, the volume of acreage decreased, technologies and crop rotations were disrupted, and all this affected the financial condition of newly formed agricultural organizations. Another important reason that affects the withdrawal of agricultural land from turnover is the outflow of population from small settlements, they simply disappear. Land around these localities becomes “problematic” and is taken out of turnover. It should be noted that the next reason for the withdrawal of land from turnover is its low fertility and the presence of natural anomalies that require large material costs for the cultivation of agricultural crops. Therefore, the introduction of unused agricultural land into turnover provides for an increase in agricultural production, reducing unemployment in rural areas, and most importantly – ensuring state food security.
With the modern development of agricultural production, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, technologies based on intelligent systems, there is a need to introduce a system of machines for the implementation of surface tillage technologies (mini-till, no-till). The main factor largely determining the choice of an agricultural machine, its working bodies, and processing technology are the agrophysical properties of the soil. The research was based on experiments to determine the hardness after various types of treatment of various soils with different granulometric composition. The research was carried out for one year (autumn 2021, spring 2022, autumn 2022), a total of 12 fields were examined, the sample was about 300 measurements. As a result, mathematical dependences were obtained for determining the change in the depth of processing at different soil hardness and the working speed of the machine-tractor unit when performing the technological operation cultivation to a depth of 10 cm. Theoretical studies on the effect of different soil hardness and working speed on the resistivity of the cultivator were carried out according to the formulas of Kirtbay Yu.K. (1982) and Iofinov S.A. (1985). When processing experimental data obtained in determining the resistivity on soils of different hardness and different operating speeds, using the Matlab program, more precise mathematical dependences were obtained that determine the dependence of resistivity on the operating speed on soils with different hardness. Calculations on the formation of optimal aggregates of tractors with toothed chain harrows, performed considering theoretical and experimental studies on the effect of soil hardness and operating speeds on processing depth and resistivity revealed that the optimal unit with a harrow with a working width of 12 m is the Belarus 2022 + BZC-12 unit, with a harrow width of 18 m and 24 m – in a unit with a tractor K-744R1.
Digital technologies occupy an ever-increasing place in the development of both the economy as a whole and its individual industries, including agriculture. According to the director of the Department of Development and Management, the state information resources of the agroindustrial complex of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the level of digitalization in domestic agriculture can be increased by 3-4 times. Therefore, the IT technology market in agriculture will develop at a rapid pace and serious volumes and by 2030-2035 it will reach a volume of 1.5 trillion rubles (today it is 360 billion rubles). All technologies that can be implemented using digital technologies can be transferred to digital technology in this industry. It is necessary to solve the following primary issues for the mass transition to digital technologies: to create economic conditions for the formation of optimal machinery fleetfor this it is necessary to develop domestic agricultural engineering, especially the production of tractors; to establish effective operation of the existing machine and tractor fleet using digitalization of technical services. Digital technologies are already used today: in planning work on technical services; in the instant accounting of performed work; in monitoring the technical condition of the machines; in instant determination of the residual resource, based on the information transmitted by the built-in monitoring sensors, etc.
. In order to find reserves for optimizing production and management activities, the authors consider the possibility of reducing the costs of the enterprise by increasing the efficiency of the harvesting and transport complex, which is achieved by optimizing its composition. The essence of optimization is to organize the operation of equipment without downtime. In the article, the authors have proposed various mathematical dependencies for any agricultural organizations in order to select different types of vehicles, determining the required amount of these funds in the absence of the required number of basic cars. To substantiate the transport support, the values of the following indicators obtained as a result of time-lapse observation were taken: “vehicle waiting time” and “vehicle loading time” - for forage harvesters; “loading waiting time”, “vehicle loading time” - for vehicles. The necessary calculations were performed and the optimal composition of the harvesting and transport complex for the specified conditions was determined. The described methodology can be used in relation to various agricultural crops.
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