Calliandra calothyrsus leaf contains 17-28% protein which is hihly potential for use as source of protein supplement for animal feed. However, the plants also contain high level (>10%) of condensed tannins as antinutritional effects which may reduce consumtion efficiency of diet. The addition of protease (bromelain) into feed containing tannin is expected to decrease the negative effects of tannins. Bromelain can be obtained from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) including on the peels. This study was conducted to determine the effect of calliandra tannin combined with bromelain protease of pineapple peels in the feed on testicular histology and testosterone level of rats feeded during the growth period. The feeding experiment on post-weaning male rats was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design (4 main factors x 4 subfactors). The main factors were calliandra leaf meal substitution of 0; 10; 17.5 and 25% in the diets and subfactors were addition of pineapple peels, 0; 4.35; 8.70 and 13.05 g/rat/day. Rats were divided into 16 groups and were feeded the diets for two months (during the growth period). The results showed the susbtituion of feed with calliandra leaf had no sigbnificant effecton the thickness of the seminiferous tubules, but it appeared to have significant effect on the histology of seminiferous tubules. Increased pineapple peels level in the diets containing calliandra decreased wall thickness of the seminiferous tubules of the rat testes, indicating that bromalein fastened the maturation of spermatozoa. The addition of pineapple peels into the diet containing calliandra had a significant interaction effect on testoteron levels of male rats, but the testoteron levels among all treated rats were still within the normal range. ABSTRAK Daun kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) mengandung protein 17-28% sehingga potensial sebagai sumber protein pakan ternak, namun tanaman ini mengandung condensed tannin cukup tinggi (>10%) yang bersifat antinutrisi. Penambahan enzim protease (bromelin) pada pakan yang mengandung tanin diharapkan dapat mengatasi dampak negatif tanin. Bromelin dapat diperoleh dari tanaman nanas (Ananas comosus) termasuk dari kulit buahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tanin daun kaliandra dalam pakan yang dikombinasikan dengan protease bromelin dari limbah kulit nanas terhadap histologi testis dan kadar hormon testosteron tikus jika diberikan pada masa pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini merupakan percobaan pakan pada tikus jantan pascasapih selama masa pertumbuhan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial berjenjang 4x4 dengan level substitusi tepung daun kaliandra 0; 10; 17,5 dan 25% dalam ransum (main factor) dan dosis aditif kulit nanas 0; 4,35; 8,70 dan 13,05 g/ekor/hari (sub factor). Tikus dibagi menjadi 16 unit percobaan dan diberi perlakuan ransum selama dua bulan (masa pertumbuhan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tebal dinding tubulus seminiferus testis tikus tidak berbeda nyata, namun tampak adanya perbedaan pada gambaran histologi yang meliputi struktur membran basal, susunan antar sel-sel spermatogenik pada dinding tubulus, serta gambaran sel-sel spermatozoa di dalam lumen tubulus. Peningkatan dosis kulit nanas dalam ransum yang mengandung kaliandra menurunkan tebal dinding tubulus seminiferus. Aditif kulit nanas ke dalam ransum yang mengandung kaliandra menunjukkan interaksi yang memengaruhi kadar hormon reproduksi dengan menurunkan kadar hormon testosteron tikus jantan walaupun masih dalam kisaran normal.

Starch is widely used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations because it is inert and it can be mixed with drugs without any chemical reactions. This study was aimed to develop and to characterize the physical and chemical properties of cassava starch fully pregelatinized (CSFP) and native cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz) (NCS). Organoleptic properties, pH, ash content, shrink drying, macroscopic and microscopic analyses, amylose and amylopectin content, bulk and tapped density, the angle of repose and flow rate were physically evaluated for both type of cassava starch. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize and evaluate the chemical properties of the CSFP and NCS. The results of this study indicate that CSFP exhibited different values of those determined parameters compared to that of NCS organoleptic properties i.e, pH, viscosity, ash content, shrink drying, macroscopic and microscopic analyses, amylose and amylopectin content, bulk and tapped density, angle of repose and flow rate. The measurement results with DSC obtained Tg at NCS of 68.18 o C while in CSFP there is no Tg because cassava starch (CS) is fully gelatinized. In conclusion, CSFP as a good profile starch contained a higher amount of amylose with larger particle size and good particle density and viscosity than the natural starch and improve its flow properties and compactibility. CSFP had a noticeable effect on fragility, hardness, disintegration time and percentage of drug release from the tablets produced, that can be developed as a pharmaceutical excipient in development of solid dosage forms (sustain release).

ABSTRAKInsulin merupakan salah satu terapi obat untuk pasien diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2. Terdapat 4 jenis insulin berdasarkan onset kerjanya. Tiap jenis insulin memiliki besaran biaya dan effektivitasnya masing -masing. Telah banyak penelitian dilakukan untuk menilai effektivitas penggunaan insulin, di lain pihak penelitian yang membandingkan biaya total tiap jenis insulin masih sangat sedikit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui total biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk terapi insulin pada pasien DM tipe 2 rawat jalan di rumah sakit kotamadya Denpasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai dengan bulan Juni 2016 di rumah sakit pemerintah di Kotamadya Denpasar. Subyek penelitian adalah pasien DM tipe 2 rawat jalan. Data regimen terapi insulin dan biayanya diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien, data resep, lembar administrasi, laporan terapi pasien pada instalasi farmasi dan juga riwayat sosial pasien. Total biaya dihitung berdasarkan biaya medis langsung (jasa dokter, tes laboratorium, biaya obat dan biaya penyiapan obat serta alat kesehatan), biaya non medis langsung (biaya administrasi dan transportasi) serta biaya non medis tidak langsung (hilangnya gaji/upah karena tidak masuk kerja). Terdapat 8 nama dagang insulin yang diresepkan untuk pasien DM tipe 2, dengan masingmasing persentase penggunaannya adalah sebagai berikut: Apidra Solostar (12,50%), Humalog Mix (4,35%), Humalog Quickpen (3,80%), Humulin N (2,17%), Lantus Solostar (28,26%), Levemir (11,96%), Novomix (1,09%) and Novorapid (35,87%). Total biaya terendah regimen terapi insulin adalah penggunaan Lantus Solostar (Rp 528.480,-) dan total biaya tertinggi adalah Humalog Mix (Rp. 685.066,-). Rata -rata total biaya terapi insulin adalah sebesar Rp. 565.474,-Kata kunci : Diabetes mellitus tipe 2, insulin, terapi, total biaya ABSTRACT Insulin is one of the drug therapy for type 2 diabetes patients. There are 4 types of insulin based on the onset of action, each type has its own cost and effectiveness. Has been a lot research about insulin effectiveness, however there was just few research reviewing about the total cost required for the insulin therapy.

Calliandra calothyrsus leaves contain 17-28% protein thus potential as a protein source in animal diet. However, it also contain a high antinutrition of condensed tannins (>10%). The addition of protease enzymes (bromelain) in the diet containing tannins is expected to overcome the negative effects of tannins. Bromelain can be obtained from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) including the peel. This study was a feeding experiment on weaned male and female rats during the growth period. This study used a completely randomized design of 4x4 factorial design. The main factor was Calliandra leaf meal substitution levels of 0; 10; 17.5 and 25% in the diet. The sub factor was pineapple peel additive levels of 0; 4.35; 8.70 and 13.05 g/rat/day. Weaned rats were divided into 16 groups and they were fed for two months during growth period. The study showed that there was no interaction between calliandra leaves and pineapple peels on the rat liver activity including the blood levels of SGOT and SGPT levels. SGPT and SGOT levels were not affected by all levels of pineapple peels in the diets. All calliandra levels did not affect the level of SGOT, but 17.5 and 25% calliandra in the diets increased SGPT level.

The aim of this research was to  determine the types of lactic acid bacteria from biofloc technology with the addition of mollase in red tilapia aquaculture containers and to determine the optimum growth of lactic acid bacteria at pH 2, 4, and 6, and also to observe the density of bacteria in the biofloc container water during maintenance. The methods used in this research are survey and experiments by taking flok from maintenance container and then identifying the lactic acid bacteria. The results of lactic acid bacteria inoculation obtained 16 isolates isolated from floc which can only grow at pH 4 and pH 6. Identification based on physical tests, chemical tests, and biochemical tests showed that the isolates were classified into Bacillus and Streptococcus. The amount of bacterial density water from containers of biofloc technology were given mollase during research reached the highest point in the third week, which averaged 109 CFU/mL.