Introduction The dentoskeletal morphology of Class II malocclusion has been analyzed in several cephalometric investigations. It is crucially important to understand the vertical components in orthodontic treatment. Defining the facial type of an individual is an essential key to obtain an accurate orthodontic diagnosis. Aim The aim of this study was to understand the correlation of vertical components in Class II skeletal malocclusion. Materials and methods This is a observational descriptive study. This study used lateral cephalograms of Class II skeletal malocclusion from Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital, between April 2015 and 2016. Cephalometric analysis was performed using digital software by a single examiner. This analysis measured gonial (Go), upper gonial (Go 1 ), lower gonial (Go 2 ), Yaxis-SN angle, the length of anterior face height, and posterior face height. The correlation between each variable was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test ( P <0.01). Results There was a correlation between vertical components and Class II skeletal malocclusion. Conclusion Vertical components were correlated with Class II skeletal malocclusion. The greater ANB angle will be followed by greater Go 2 , which worsens the condition of Class II skeletal malocclusion.

Introduction:To describe the cephalometric characteristic of skeletal Class II malocclusion in Javanese Population at Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital.Methods:A total of 118 lateral cephalograms of preorthodontic patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion were obtained from Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital. The lateral cephalograms were analyzed using digital cephalometric analysis to determine the ANB, mandibular length, facial axis, Y-axis, sella to nasion-mandibular plane (SN-MP), and lower anterior facial height (LAFH). Correlation between mandibular length and other variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation test with P < 0.05.Results:There was an increase of ANB, Y-axis, SN-MP, and LAFH. While SNB was decrease and mandibular length was shortened. There was a significant correlation between mandibular length and other variables, such as facial axis, SN-MP, LAFH, and ANB.Conclusions:Skeletal Class II malocclusion in Javanese Population at Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital was characterized by short mandibular length and large ANB mostly not by the increased of SNA but by the lack of SNB. The length of mandible correlated with facial axis angle, lower anterior facial height, and mandibular plane angle.

Context: The most common biomaterial used for dental implants is titanium. However, the release of metal ions and the risk of allergic reactions to metals that may occur in some patients cannot be avoided. Hydroxyapatite-polymethylmethacrylate (HA-PMMA) composite biomaterials are proposed to have potential as dental implant biomaterials due to their mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. HA-PMMA may induce osseointegration, biocompatible, less allergic reactions, and no metal ions released. In addition, HA-PMMA can be obtained from Indonesia’s abundant natural resources. Aims: To explore HA-PMMA composites through molecular docking as a biomaterial candidate for dental implants in silico. Methods: Structure data format (sdf), molecular weight, and identity number (CID) of HA-PMMA ligand samples were obtained from PubChem database and minimized through OpenBabel. 3D structure, selection method, resolution, atom count, weight, sequence length, and ID protein BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin on RCSB-PDB native ligand and water sterilization on PyMol were carried out with the aim of to maximize the formation of binding affinity during molecular docking simulations. Results: HA-PMMA composites can enhance the activity of proteins associated with osseointegration such as BMP-2/4/7, AP, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin in silico. HA-PMMA composites have the strongest binding to osteonectin and are predicted to enhance the AP activity in silico. Conclusions: HA-PMMA composites are potential candidates for dental implant biomaterials with the osteointegration ability through binding with BMP-2/4/7, AP, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin in silico.

To investigate the expression of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and Heat Shock Protein-70 (HSP-70) during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) after (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in East Java Green Tea (Camelia Sinensis) Methanolic Extract (GTME) administration in vivo. Material and Methods: 28 Wistar rats (Rattus Novergicus) was used and divided into 4 groups accordingly: K-without EGCG and OTM; K+ with OTM, without EGCG for 14 days; T1with OTM for 14 days and EGCG for 7 days; treatment group 2 (T2) with OTM and EGCG for 14 days. OTM animal model was achieved through the installation of the OTM device by means of NiTi close coil spring with 10g force placed between the first incisor and first maxillary molars. The samples were terminated on Day 14. The pre-maxillary was isolated for the immunohistochemical examination. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) then continued with Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) (p<0.05) was performed to analyze the data. Results: The highest HMGB1 and HSP-70 expression were found in the K+ group pressure side, meanwhile the lowest HMGB1 and HSP-70 expression were found in K-group tension side in the alveolar bone. There was a significant decrease of HMGB1 and HSP-70 expression in T2 compared to T1 and K+ with significant between groups (p<0.05; p=0.0001). Conclusion: The decreased expression of HMGB1 and HSP-70 in alveolar bone of OTM wistar rats due to post administration of GTME that consisted EGCG.

Objectives Vertical proportions of the face are important determining factors for diagnosis and planning appropriate orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic patients have different vertical and sagittal skeletal discrepancies, as well as associated varying degrees of dentoalveolar compensations. Dentoalveolar is a functional component of the jaw; it plays a role in occlusal dynamics and forms sagittal and vertical maxilla–mandibula relationships. This study aims to analyze the relationship between dentoalveolar heights and several vertical skeletal patterns in patients with Class I malocclusion in ethnic Javanese. Materials and Methods The sample consisted of lateral cephalograms of 75 patients (18 samples were male, and 57 were female). Determined by inclusion and exclusion criteria, the participants were selected from an initial sample of 196 patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion (sella–nasion–A and B [ANB] = 1–4 degrees). Cephalometric analysis was performed using OrthoVision2017 digital software. This analysis measured upper anterior dental height (UADH), upper posterior dental height (UPDH), lower anterior dental height (LADH), lower posterior dental height (LPDH), ANB angle, sella–nasion and mandibular plane (SN-MP), sella–nasion and palatal plane (SN-PP), palatal plane and mandibular plane (PP-MP), Frankfort horizontal plane and mandibular plane (FH-MP), sella to gonion (S-Go), articulare to gonion (Ar-Go), nasion to menton (N-Me), nasion to anterior nasal spine (N-ANS), and anterior nasal spine to menton (ANS-Me). Pearson correlation test was used to assess correlations among all variables (p < 0.05). Results Significant correlations were observed between dentoalveolar heights and SN-MP, S-Go, Ar-Go, N-Me, and ANS-Me (p < 0.05). Conclusions Patients with Class I malocclusion in ethnic Javanese exhibit a significant correlation between dentoalveolar and vertical skeletal patterns. UPDH and/or LPDH have a significantly positive correlation with SN-MP, S-Go, Ar-Go, N-Me, and ANS-Me. The orthodontic correction of the decreased or increased facial height included either the extrusion or intrusion of the anterior or posterior teeth in different ways.

Objectives To investigate the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) provision on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression, osteoclast and osteoblast numbers during experimental orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Materials and Methods Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus), 16 to 20 weeks old with 200 to 250 g body weight (bw) were divided into several groups as follows: K1: OTM for 3 days; K2: OTM for 7 days; K3: OTM for 14 days; KP1: OTM and CAPE for 3 days; KP2: OTM and CAPE for 7 days; and KP3: OTM and CAPE for 14 days. A nickel titanium closed coil spring 8.0 mm long with 10 g/mm2 was installed between the upper left first molar and upper central incisor to move molar mesially. CAPE provision with a dose of 20 mg/kg bw of animal studies was done per orally. Immunohistochemistry was done to examine MMP-9 expression and osteoclast number in compression side as well as FGF-2 expression and osteoblast number in tensile side of the OTM. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance test and Tukey’s honest significant difference test were performed to determine the difference between the groups (p < 0.05). Results MMP-9 expression and osteoclast numbers in the compression side were significantly different between the groups. Similarly, FGF-2 expression and osteoclast numbers in the tensile side were significantly different between the groups. Conclusions CAPE provision during OTM increases the number of osteoblasts and the FGF-2 expression significantly in the tensile side. Osteoclast numbers and MMP-9 expression significantly decrease in the compression side.

Objectives Class II malocclusion is largely due to a retrognathic mandible. Mandibular rotation is closely related to changes in the occlusal plane during growth. The problems in the occlusal plane could cause disadvantages in the soft tissue profile in Class II malocclusion, presenting treatment challenges for an orthodontist. This study aimed to investigate the importance of the occlusal plane for a better soft tissue profile in Class II malocclusion for Javanese patients. Materials and Methods The total number of cephalogram softcopies of patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion were selected based on ANB values (> 4 degrees), no agenesis teeth except the third molar, and all permanent teeth. The cephalograms were calculated using digital tracing by Morpheus 3D imaging. The points and areas to be analyzed on the cephalogram were predetermined. The examination was performed in a span of 1 month and performed via a statistical test using Pearson’s test and multiple regression analysis (p < 0.05). Results There were significant correlation values between the angles produced by the occlusal plane to sella national, Frankfurt horizontal, mandibular plane, and Z-angle (p < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion have a significant correlation between the occlusal plane and the vertical plane, thereby affecting the shape of the soft tissue profile, which causes a facial imbalance. By improving mandibular movement, the soft tissue profile can also be corrected.

Objective This study was aimed to investigate RGCBE extract as antioxidant and anti–peri-implantitis bacteria through in vitro study and its potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic through in silico study. Materials and Methods Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking simulation, and visualization of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and coumaric acid (CA) as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial were investigated in silico. Inhibition zone by diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of RGCBE extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) were done. Statistical Analysis the analysis of variance (ANOVA) difference test, and the post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Different (HSD) with a different significance value of p<0.05 Results GCA and CA compounds are good drug molecules and it has low toxicity. Chlorogenic acid have higher binding activity than coumaric acid to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, receptor activation NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, runt related transcription factor (RUNX2), receptor activator nuclear Kappa beta Ligand-osteoprotegrin osteocalcin (RANKL-OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cell 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, Hsp70, and Hsp10 protein. RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and it has MIC, MBC, and inhibit the growth of Aa, Pg, Fn, and Pi at 50% concentration with significantly different (p=0.0001 and<0.05). Conclusion RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and 50% RGCB ethanol extract may act as strong anti–peri-implantitis bacteria in vitro. In addition, CGA in RGCB potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic in silico.