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Introduction: Preterm labor is still a global problem because it affects perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. An increase in hs-CRP in pregnant women is associated with the incidence of preterm labor. This study was conducted to prove that high serum hs-CRP levels are a risk factor for preterm labor. Method: The method used in this study is an observational case-control study, in which pregnant women with preterm labor are in cases group, whereas preterm pregnant women that are not in labor, included in control group. Cases and controls were not matched in the gestational age variable. In both groups blood samples were taken. Blood sampling was taken in the cubital vein to examine the serum levels of hs-CRP. From the data collected, data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. In this study, after the data normality test was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the result p values <0.05 or abnormal distribution data, the Mann Whitney test was chosen. A Chi-square test was performed to determine the increase in serum hs-CRP levels as a risk of preterm labor. Result: hs-CRP levels as a risk of preterm labor. Calculation of the OR is 19.46 times with 95% CI: 2.25-168.27. Conclusion: it can be concluded that high levels of hs-CRP as a risk factor for preterm labor.

Preterm delivery is the leading cause of death for children under 5 years of age worldwide. Preterm delivery is one of the significant factors causing neonatal death due to complications associated with preterm birth. Complications of preterm delivery account for about 16% of all deaths in children under 5 years, and 35% of total deaths of newborns. There are several broad outlines of factors associated with preterm labor, including stress, inflammation or infection, overdistention of the uterus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Several studies show the role of cortisol caused by these factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship of maternal serum cortisol levels with the risk of preterm delivery. This study used a case-control design conducted at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar from May to August 2021. A sample of 50 women was obtained which was divided into case groups and control groups. Serum cortisol examination used a 3 mL blood sample which was then examined using the ELISA method at the Integrated Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. The results were analyzed using the chi square test. There was no significant difference in the characteristics of the two groups. There was a significant relationship between high serum cortisol levels and the incidence of preterm labor in pregnant women (p < 0.001; 95% CI; 2.768-38.22; OR 10.29). High cortisol serum levels can increase the risk of preterm labor 10 times in pregnant women when compared to pregnant women with low cortisol blood serum levels.

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The ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been associated with worse outcomes in several populations, including those with co-morbidities. Pregnant women are one such group of individuals that may be at increased risk of infection related to physiologic changes in metabolic and maternal immune system changes in normal pregnancy. This risk may increase with underlying immunocompromised states such as in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, there is currently limited data on pregnant women with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and HIV. In this paper, a case of pregnant women infected with COVID-19 and HIV co-infection is reported.