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Background Ever since the implementation of the EU-Turkey deal, most refugees that enter Greece via sea are confined to the island on which they arrive until their asylum claims are adjudicated, where they generally reside in camps. Some of these camps have detention-like characteristics and dire living conditions, such as Moria camp on the island of Lesbos, Greece. Aid-organizations have stated that the situation in camp Moria deteriorates the mental health of its inhabitants and there is qualitative evidence to support this. This study explores the quantitative relationship between the incidence of acute mental health crises and the length of stay in the camp. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using routinely collected data on 856 consultations of 634 different patients during 90 nights at an emergency clinic in Moria camp. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether the length of stay in the camp was predictive of the occurrence of an acute mental health crisis. Results Of the 634 patients, the majority were men (59·3%), the average age was 23·2 years [0–71], and 24·3% was < 18 years. 25·5% (n = 218) of consultations were related to mental health problems; 17·0% (n = 37) of these met the study’s case definition of an acute mental health crisis. Such crises were positively associated with the length of stay in the camp (p = 0·011); the odds ratio of a mental health crisis increases with 1·03 for every 10% increase in days of residence in the camp. This is notable when considering the average length of stay in the camp is 71 days. Conclusion This study offers quantitative support for the notion that the adverse conditions in Moria camp deteriorate the mental health of its inhabitants as suggested in qualitative research. Although this study does not provide evidence of causality, it is likely that the poor and unsafe living conditions, challenging refugee determination procedures, and a lack of mental health services in the camp are significant contributing factors. We urgently call for Europe’s policymakers to honour the ‘51 Geneva refugee convention and terminate the neglectful situation on the Greek archipelago.

We study the empirical determinants of corporate ownership dynamics using a unique, hand-collected 20-year data set on the ownership structure of Chilean companies. Controllers' blockholdings are on average high and stable over time. Controllers still make changes to their holdings through issuance and block trades. In a typical year controllers' blockholdings decrease (increase) by 5 percentage points or more in approximately 6% (7%) of firms. We find that the separation between controllers' voting and cash-flow rights reduces the likelihood of ownership dilution. Dilution is preceded by high stock returns and predicts low stock returns in the future when done through issuance.

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Khanna and Yafeh hypothesize that business groups should be more common in economies with less developed markets and institutions. We test the time-series version of this hypothesis by looking at changes in Chilean groups over 20 years (1990Chilean groups over 20 years ( -2009Business groups are prevalent in emerging markets (e.g., Brazil, India, China, South Korea) and developed markets (e.g., Italy, Sweden). Yet, despite their extended presence, we know little about why they form and how they evolve. Khanna and Yafeh 2007 put forward several hypotheses in this respect. One hypothesis is that business groups should be more common in economies with less developed markets and institutions. Basically, business groups act as substitutes for capital, goods, or labor markets when frictions are severe. A first approach to test this idea is to make cross-country comparisons on the prevalence of business groups as a function of variables that proxy for market development. A second approach is to use within-country, time-series data to see whether business groups correlate with market dynamics. The time series approach has the advantage of controlling for country unobservables that blur cross-country comparisons.In this paper we contribute to the literature on business groups precisely by performing a country-study in the style of the second approach described above.