At the present level of football development, the requirements for athletic skills are increasing. Given a fierce competition in the international and national sports arena as never before, it is important to mobilize functional reserves and maximize individual inclinations of players to demonstrate the highest capability for sport in the period optimal for it. It is precisely a long-term training programme focused on the demonstration of natural inclinations that is a strategic area in the training of qualified athletes under the current conditions. Adhering to qualitative characteristics of the training process should become the basis for evaluating the rational structure of a long-term training process. The paper aims to theoretically and methodically justify the periods of training sessions and competitions of youth football players. Research methods are the following: general theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison, generalization and descriptive mathematical statistics), systemic theoretical methods (structural analysis, functional analysis, structural-and-functional analysis, historical method, system modelling), a study of the printed and electronic sources of information, description, interviewing, expert survey. An analysis of scientific and methodological literature, legal documents and training programmes adopted in the countries with a high level of football development has made it possible to construct models of annual programs based on the years of study with further regulation of cycles of training sessions and competitions. Rational construction of the system of footballers’ long-term training is based on the introduction of changes in the organization and holding of children’s and youth competitions, pedagogical principles of managing sports activities and technologies for training youth football players, as well as methods of evaluating children’s coaches’ professional performance.
"Junk food" is very popular worldwide. Its taste requires various food additives, the most common of which is monosodium glutamate. Many authors describe functional and structure changes in the nervous, digestive, immune, respiratory and sexual systems that may be caused by monosodium glutamate. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to elucidate the mechanism of its actions on organs and systems. There has been suggested that monosodium glutamate mediates the phenomena of nervous cell apoptosis and acts as a powerful neurotoxin. Studies on rats demonstrated that the diet rich in monosodium glutamate created the preconditions for the development of epilepsy, disorders of emotional and adaptive reactions, hyperalgesia. Monosodium glutamate induced pronounced histological changes in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, up to the manifestation of acute pancreatitis. Monosodium glutamate causes a destructive effect on the immune system as well. There was an increase in lymphocytes number that were destroyed by apoptosis, narrowing of the vascular lumens in the spleen, dilation of the venous lumen and blood supply in the lymph nodes. The effect on the respiratory system is remaining ambiguous. Atelectasis and pulmonary emphysema, fibrosis, oedema, and haemorrhage up to brown indurations have been reported under the monosodium glutamate consumption in animals. The negative effects of monosodium glutamate potentiated by smoking caused the activation of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modification. Monosodium glutamate caused sexual dysfunction in experimental rats that was also likely associated with hypothalamic damage, oxidative stress, and hormonal mechanisms. Thus, monosodium glutamate has been proven to produce a systemic effect on humans and animals. This food supplement has a complex mechanism of action, which can be indirect and direct. The indirect effects deteriorate normal functioning of target organs of the hypothalamus hormones, impacts the autonomic nervous system. The direct effects contribute to hypoxia and fibrosis in the organs, dysfunction of histohematological barriers and haemorrhages.
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