The objectives of the study were to determine distribution of heavy metal contamination in water, sediments and biota (Callinectes amniciola) of the upper reaches of the Bonny Estuary and to determine the impact on physicochemical characteristics of the water body. Sampled was from January to June 2020. The physicochemical parameters of the water varied slightly across the months but were within FEPA/WHO (2003) acceptable limits. Furthermore; the study compared the seasonal variations and determination of Bio-accumulation Factor (BF) of C. amnicola with respect to sediment. The study site is a tidal creek that drains into the main Bonny River channel within Niger Delta, Nigeria. The sampled locations/stations include Trans-Amadi slaughter in Azuabie {N4°81'49.9 and E7°04'63.4}, Okpoka Creek in Abuloma {N4°78'02.43 and E7°06'66.12} and Okirika Jetty {N4°73'70.04 and E7°09'56.93}. Samples of surface water, sediments and swimming crabs were collected from three different stations which were at least 1000 meters apart. The results of this study show that concentrations of the heavy metals (Fe and Zn) were both higher in the three media than the approved limits prescribed by the local regulatory authority. Although Cu was relatively within acceptable limit in the three media. There is therefore the need to control the anthropogenic activities within or around the river. This will help to prevent effluent and solid waste discharges that lead to increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. Routine monitoring should be encouraged to identify the major sources of heavy metals introduction into the river and their impacts on the aquatic resources.
A study was conducted on physicochemical parameters water from Ilo-abuchi, creek Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study aimed at evaluating the impact of sawmills and other associated wastes on water quality of the creek. The physicochemical parameters investigated were from February to July 2020 and the samples were analysed for pH, Temperature, Salinity, Conductivity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Total alkalinity using an in-situ Handheld Multimeter (Milwaukee Model pH600 and Laboratory Benchtop meter 860033-model. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was measured using Winkler’s method. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) was determined by the 5-day BOD test (APHA, 2005). Turbidity was measured using a 20cm diameter Secchi disc. Total alkalinity was determined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D 1067B) Nitrate, Chloride, Phosphate, and Sulphate were determined using the method recommended by APHA 2340C (1995) standard. Water Temperature ranges between 27.7 -27.8 OC, pH 6.65 - 6.73, Conductivity 438.2 - 494.2 μS/cm, Salinity 2.8 -3.23ppt, TDS 77 – 87.27 mg/l, TSS 30.7 - 37.66 mg/l, DO 3.19 – 3.46 mg/l, BOD 2.05 - 3.38 mg/l, Turbidity 5.41- 5.98 NTU, Nitrate 8.78 - 10.02 mg/l, Hardness 31.77 - 33.98 mg/l, Chloride 23.03 -25.7 mg/l, Phosphorus 0.31 - 0.51 mg/l, Sulphate 13.27 - 16.60 mg/l. Alterations in water quality were more pronounced in the wet season (May, June, and July) compared to the dry season (February and March, and April). The nature of the effluents discharged into the creek were found to be essentially within the acceptable limits prescribed by law except for TSD and turbidity. These two parameters were slightly above the WHO standards. It is therefore recommended that environmental regulatory agencies such as NESREA and the Ministry of Environment should devise mechanisms to enforce existing environmental regulations concerning the discharge of effluents from different sources into the Ilo-abuchi Creek, which will aid in reducing the dumping of untreated wastes from the sawmills/other associated wastes and by extension conserve the aquatic life therein.
The phytoplankton diversity, pigment, abundance and distribution in relation to physico-chemical parameters were studied from four stations for a period of five months (May – September 2018) and were analysed using standard procedures. Rainfall was highest (329.5 mm) in September and lowest (142.7 mm) in July. The total suspended solid (TSS) had a mean value of 63.10±12.81 mg/L and the total dissolved solids (TDS) had the highest value of 15189 mg/L in May which was not significantly different around the sampling points {P > 0.05}. The pH and nitrate level recorded had a mean value of 7.25±0.33 and 3.11±1.33 mg/L respectively. Microscopic identification revealed a total of 129 species belonging to 62 genera, 22 families and five divisions in the following order of specie abundance: Bacillariophyceae (65 taxa) > Cyanophyceae (27 taxa) > Chlorophyta (20 taxa) > Dinophyceae (10 taxa) > Euglenophyceae (7 taxa). The high dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa observed was indicative of organic pollution. The range of community structure indices were as follows: Margalef Index (0.1406 – 5.295) and Shannon – Weiner Index (0.02644 - 0.4979). The relatively high nutrient status favours the high abundance of phytoplankton which is understood to be deleterious to the ecosystem. Municipal wastes must be treated or recycled before discharge and a continuous environmental surveillance is required to maintain the biological integrity of this area. Keywords: Phytoplankton, Physicochemical Parameters, Nutrient Status and Tincan Island
The toxicity of the combination of xylene and diesel at a 50:50 ratio on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was investigated using a static bioassay for 96hrs. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the Physicochemical parameters of the experimental water after exposure for 24 hours among the different concentration gradients and the controlled unit. Although there was an increased variation along the concentration gradient observed after 96hours. The behavioral responses of the test fish from 24-96 hours of exposure show normal behavioral responses in the control. C. gariepinus exposed to 25 ml/l to 50 mg/l concentration of the toxicant showed normal behavior from 24 to 48 hours. Afterward, the fish that were active stopped swimming and remained static for a while in response to the sudden changes in the surrounding environment. Generally, fish exposed to higher concentrations such as 100 ml/l to 250 ml/l of the test chemicals showed progressive hyperventilation and abnormal behavior like gulping air, erratic swimming movement, very fast swimming, jumping, and displaying vigorous jerky movement suffocation, and loss of reflex. A faster operculum and tail beat movement was also observed with Spiraling. The behavioral responses increased significantly (P<0.05) with an increase in concentration per time as compared to the control group of fish. The noticeable behavioural difference was recorded for the different concentrations of the test chemical. An eco-friendly chemical that is within the acceptable limits recommended by WHO and DPR should be used in well stimulation and cleaning for sustainable biodiversity and a healthy aquatic environment.
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