This work describes an experimental investigation of the pretensioned thin plates made of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) struck by hemispherical and blunt projectiles at various impact velocities. The experiments were done using a gas gun with combination of pretension equipment positioned at the end of gun barrel near the nozzle. Measurements of the initial and residual velocities were taken, and the ballistic limit velocity were calculated for each procedures. The pretension target results in reduction of ballistic limit compared to non-pretension target for both flat and hemispherical projectiles. Target impacted by hemispherical projectile experience split at earlier impact velocity compared to target by flat projectile. C-Scan images analysis technique was used to show target impact damaged by hemispherical and flat projectiles. The damage area was shown biggest at ballistic limit velocity and target splitting occurred most for pretention plate.

Vehicle crashworthiness can be described as the capability of the vehicle to protect the occupant during a crash. The space containing the occupants should remain intact and does not allow any potential intrusion or crushing to injure the occupants. For rollover crash test of a bus, this safety space is well defined in a standard, i.e. the United Nations Regulation No. 66 (UN R66), where it gives pass/fail criteria. However, the standard does not measure and quantify the bus structural deformation. The measurement of such deformation has been systematically quantified by the Angular Deformation Index (DIα), in which the deformation of bus structure can be generalized for comparative study giving more descriptive assessment of the bus structure deformation level. DIα is suitable for rollover test that is done strictly in a controlled environment, where the deformation is typically not severe. In real crashes, impact load varies widely and can cause severe structural damages especially among the aged buses with poor structural strength, which are still broadly used in less developed countries. If the deformed bus structures penetrate deeply into the residual space, DIα index become irrelevant because the angular values in the equation give exponential results. It is therefore suggested that a new deformation index, termed as the Area Deformation Index (DIA), is used for real rollover crashes involving severe damages to the bus structure. This is to quantify the damages in two dimensions once the structures penetrate into the residual space, up to where the structure is totally collapsed. By having this new index, a suitable structural deformation severity rating for the bus with respect to real rollover crashes can Page 2 of 33 be proposed. This severity rating can be correlated to the injury severity (e.g. number and level) of the bus occupants, and can be used to evaluate some specific parameters influencing crashworthiness performance (e.g. ageing effects). Case studies are discussed to show the practicality of the proposed DIA concept. Volume Deformation Index (DIV) is also proposed to quantify the deformation in three dimensions.

Vehicle defect is one of the contributing factors of road mishaps, although the magnitude of the problem is less prominent compared to human behaviour or road environment factors. What is more important is that this technical problem may find a more direct solution as opposed to human behavioural issues. This study aims to discuss common vehicle defects that probably contribute to road crashes by using Periodical Technical Inspection (PTI) database as the basis. Data was analysed to determine common failures of private passenger vehicles based on selected inspections and vehicle types. At this stage, only voluntary and routine inspections were scrutinized. In addition, this study is able to predict the probability of a vehicle failure by using information from the database. From such an analysis, it was found that the two most common private passenger vehicle defects were worn out tire (or lack of tread) and structural integrity. It was also found that vehicles sent for voluntary inspection have a higher probability of failure compared to those sent for routine inspection.

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This study intends to find out whether Social Media Marketing or SMM has a Significantly Positive effect on WashYourShoes Sales in the city of Makassar. Samples were taken from WYS consumer respondents in the city of Makassar with a total sample of 110 people. The method used by the researcher is the Questionnaire and Documentation. The data analysis technique used is simple regression analysis using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS). The results of this study indicate that SMM (Social Media Marketing) has a significant positive effect on Sales of WYS (WashYourShoes) in Makassar City.

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Road traffic crashes involving longitudinal traffic safety barriers, especially W-beam guardrails, are not uncommon. This shows the importance of the guardrails in performing its functions. In Malaysia, installation of the guardrails are according to a guideline published by REAM in 2006. However, the compliance of the barriers installation to the standards can be further verified to ensure its quality and integrity. Site survey on the barriers shows that compliance to the standards are high if it is installed and maintained under the concession, e.g. by PLUS Expressways Berhad. However, there are some issues concerning installation of barriers if it is under custodian of local authorities. The parameters used to measure the compliance, among others, are installation ground condition, overlapping, post height, post spacing, clear zone, guardrail conditions and sub-standards installation. It is suggested to the local authorities to give more emphasis on the inspection of existing barriers, as well as maintenance and replacement of barriers. This is because the barriers will not perform according to its function as it is intended under non-reliable conditions. The outcomes of this study will provide the road transport related agencies on the real conditions of W- beam guardrails installed on roads in Malaysia.

This study is conducted to verify the rollover test of the finite element bus model. Verification is a process of determining that a computational model accurately represents the theoretical mathematical model and its solutions. In case of bus rollover simulation, the verification process is by looking into its energy balance, in which all energy associated with the bus rollover process must be equal and preserved before and after the rollover. Any energy imbalance indicates errors in the rollover process and must be rectified so that the errors remain in acceptable tolerance. The main energies involved in calculations are potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy, contact energy, rigidwall energy, damping energy, hourglass energy, and total energy. The finite element bus model used is CONTRAST bus developed by CM/E Group, Politecnico di Milano. The rollover test standard used is UN R66, and the software used to set up and solve the simulation are LS-PrePost and LS- DYNA. Energy balance and energy ratio from the rollover simulation shows that the verification procedure is followed, results are within acceptable values, and the rollover test is verified.