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The second part of the review on lower oxidation states of f elements includes sections devoted to the structure and energy characteristics of electronic shells of these elements, standard potentials of the M 3+ /M 2+ couples, hydration characteristics of bivalent lanthanides and actinides, electronic absorption spectra of f elements in lower oxidation states, and results of studying these elements and their compounds by other methods.

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The work overviews the reasons for stabilization of the lower oxidation states of the lanthanides and actinides. Within each of these groups of Clements, two subgroups can be distinguished. In one of such sub-groups, stabilization of the divalent State occurs due to the/rf-excitation energy, while in the other such subgroup -due to participation of d-electrons in chemical bonding.

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