The compatibilizing effect of organoclay in immiscible poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and natural rubber (NR) blends was investigated through small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) tests by varying clay concentrations, mixing conditions, and types of clay. A quantified nonlinear parameter (I 3/1) from FT-rheology and complex moduli (|G*|) were used to analyze the structural development of the PLA/NR blends in response to added clays. The nonlinear–linear viscoelastic ratio (NLR ≡ normalized nonlinear viscoelastic property/normalized linear viscoelastic property) was also introduced to describe morphological changes in the blends. Observation of the TEM images revealed that the drop size of natural rubber decreased as the clay content increased from 0.5 to 3 wt %. However, the NR size did not change above 3 wt % of the clay. The NLR value increased up to 3 wt % and then reached a plateau. The drop size reduction due to increased mixing rates was reflected in the NLR value. In addition, the compatibilization efficiency of various types of clay was in accordance with the NLR value. A reciprocal relationship was observed between the NLR and inverse of the drop size, with respect to the clay concentration, mixing condition, or types of clay. The NLR value could be used to estimate the compatibilizing effect of organoclay in immiscible polymer blends (PLA/NR), even without direct morphological observation.
Applying an electric field is an efficient way to fabricate polymer/clay nanocomposites. It helps to achieve a good dispersion of nanoclays which improves the performance of the polymeric system. In this study, the effect of an alternating current (A.C.) electric field was investigated on clay exfoliation with various combinations of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Three different types of organoclays (Cloisite 10A, 20A, 30B) were introduced in polypropylene (PP) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrices. Their rheological properties showed that the A.C. electric field was effective in enhancing the dispersion of organoclays in both the PP/clay and PLA/clay composites. The efficiency of the A.C. field varied depending on the combination of polymer and clay nanoparticles. In the case of PP, the best combination was PP/C20A followed by PP/C10A and PP/C30B. In contrast, PLA/clay showed an opposite trend. This difference arises from the different affinities between the polymers and the functional groups of the clays. The Hansen solubility parameter was introduced to quantify the affinities between the polymer and clay. The electric field was more effective for polymer/clay combinations that had less difference in the Hansen solubility parameter. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43582.
− In this study, structural developments of polypropylene / ionomer / clay ternary composites were investigated depending on the dispersion and localization of clay. The changes in physical properties were observed adding organoclays 1~10wt% to 90% polypropylene and 10% ionomer blends. The organoclays were localized inside of the dispersed phase under the composition of 3wt%, however, over that composition, clay particles formed stiff network structure in the dispersed phase and additional clays were localized at the interface between two phases. According to the developments of microstructure, the interaction of ternary composites changed from polypropylene-ionomer to polypropylene-ionomer and ionomer-clay which affected rheological properties. The storage modulus (G') of the composites was similar to the blends when clays were localized inside of dispersed phase but increased when clays were localized at interface. Also, the fractured morphology of the composites showed phase boundary and growing radius of dispersed phase depending on addition of fillers when clays were found inside. However, when fillers found at the interface between blends, the radius of the dispersed phase decreased and compatibilized morphology were observed. The interfacial interaction of the ternary composite was quantified depending on the structural development of dispersed phase and localization of clay particles by the rheological properties.
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