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(R)-amino alcohol with an enantiomeric excess of >95% was resolved by reactive extraction processes from 2 equiv of racemic alcohol using a chiral receptor 2 as an enantioselective extractant. One resolution cycle is composed of three extractions: a stereoselective reversible imine formation, a stereoselective irreversible imine hydrolysis, and the recovery of 2 and enantiomeric amino alcohols.

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Sentence severity has increased in England and Wales in recent years. The causes of the increase remain unclear. One possible explanation relates to the introduction of sentencing guidelines, which seem to coincide in time with the increase in sentence severity. To date, investigations of this hypothesis have been limited to simple exploratory analyses or to specific offences. We use a new scale of sentence severity-developed using Thurstone scaling and the participation of 21 magistrates-and time-series modelling to explore whether a causal effect can be attributed to seven different guidelines. We corroborate the existence of an increase in sentence severity; however, we do not find conclusive evidence pointing at the guidelines having caused it.

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Facial nerve palsy is one of major accompanying features in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). In most of the cases, facial weakness develops simultaneously with other symptoms such as motor weakness, sensory change and other cranial neuropathies. However, facial palsy also occurs after the nadir of neurological deficits or even after the beginning of limb weakness improvement, called delayed facial palsy (DFP). DFP has been reported in Miller Fisher syndrome, but it rarely found from the acute motor axonal neuropathy subtype of GBS. Recently, we experienced a patient who diagnosed acute motor axonal neuropathy accompanying with delayed facial diplegia.

This in vitro study assessed the adherence of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) root canal sealers to dentin conditioned by three endodontic intracanal medications. Three GIC sealers were used: (i) Ketac-Endo; (ii) KT-308, an experimental GIC sealer; and (iii) ZUT, a combination of KT-308 and a silver-containing zeolite (0.2% by weight). Superficial dentin of 120 bovine incisor crowns was used as a substrate. The dentin was irrigated with 2.6% NaOCI for 30 s and then blotted dry. One of the following conditioning media (n = 30) was maintained in contact with the dentin for 7 days: (i) Ca(OH)2 paste; (ii) chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) liquid 0.12%; (iii) formocresol (FML) liquid; (iv) distilled water (dH2O) used as control. The GIC sealers were applied to the conditioned dentin, bench set for 90 min, stored in 100% humidity at 37 degrees C for 48 h, then tested to failure for shear bond strength (MPa) in an Instron machine. In the ZUT specimens, the shear bond strength did not differ significantly among those conditioned with Ca(OH)2, CHX, FML, and dH2O. For KT-308, the mean scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05) after conditioning with CHX than with dH2O. For Ketac-Endo, the mean scores were significantly lower after conditioning with Ca(OH)2 and FML than with dH2O (p < 0.05). Furthermore Ketac-Endo demonstrated significantly lower (p < 0.05) shear bond strength than KT-308 or ZUT to the dentin conditioned with Ca(OH)2 or FML. The results suggest that intracanal medications differentially influence the adhesion of various GIC sealers to root canal dentin.

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