BackgroundFor proper recovery from craniofacial fracture, it is necessary to establish guidelines based on trends. This study aimed to analyze the patterns and causes of craniofacial fractures.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent surgery for craniofacial fractures between 2010 and 2017 at a single center. Several parameters, including time of injury, region and cause of fracture, alcohol intoxication, time from injury to surgery, hospitalization period, and postoperative complications, were evaluated.ResultsThis study analyzed 2708 fracture lesions of 2076 patients, among whom males aged 10 to 39 years were the most numerous. The number of patients was significantly higher in the middle of a month. The most common fractures were a nasal bone fracture. The most common causes of fracture were ground accidents and personal assault, which tended to frequently cause more nasal bone fracture than other fractures. Traffic accidents and high falls tended to cause zygomatic arch and maxillary wall fractures more frequently. Postoperative complications—observed in 126 patients—had a significant relationship with the end of a month, mandible or panfacial fracture, and traffic accidents.ConclusionsThe present findings on long-term craniofacial fracture trends should be considered by clinicians dealing with fractures and could be useful for policy decisions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40902-018-0168-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

History of orthodontic treatment was associated with a decreased rate of periodontitis.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the C-shaped root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Korean population.Materials and MethodsA total of 542 teeth were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The canal shapes were classified according to a modified version of Melton's method at the level where the pulp chamber floor became discernible.ResultsOf the 542 mandibular second molars, 215 (39.8%) had C-shaped canals, 330 (53%) had 3 canals, 17 (3.3%) had 2 canals, 12 (2.2%) had 4 canals, and 8 (1.7%) had 1 canal. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 47.8% in females and 28.4% in males. Seventy-seven percent of the C-shaped canals showed a bilateral appearance. The prevalence of C-shaped canals showed no difference according to age or tooth position. Most teeth with a C-shaped canal system presented Melton's type II (45.6%) and type III (32.1%) configurations.ConclusionsThere was a high prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars of the Korean population studied. CBCT is expected to be useful for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning of mandibular second molars.

Objective This study investigated the relationship between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in South Korean population. Methods This study obtained data from the 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The final sample size was 5,567 participants who were ≥ 19 years of age. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between orthodontic treatment and TMD. Results Participants who underwent orthodontic treatment showed higher educational level, lower body mass index, reduced chewing difficulty, and reduced speaking difficulty. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for orthodontic treatment and TMD were 1.614 (1.189–2.190), 1.573 (1.162–2.129) and 1.612 (1.182–2.196) after adjusting for age, sex and psychosocial factors. Adjusted ORs and their 95% CIs for orthodontic treatment and clicking were 1.778 (1.289–2.454), 1.742 (1.265–2.400) and 1.770 (1.280–2.449) after adjusting for confounding factors. However, temporomandibular joint pain and functional impairment was not associated with orthodontic treatment. Conclusions Temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction was not associated with orthodontic treatment.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes in the palatal alveolar bone thickness and find the factors related to the resorption of the palatal alveolar bone caused by tooth movement after the maxillary incisors were retracted and intruded during orthodontic treatment. The study group comprised of 33 skeletal Class II malocclusion patients who underwent extraction for orthodontic treatment. Palatal alveolar bone thickness changes and resorption factors were identified and analyzed. The changes of maxillary central incisors and palatal alveolar bone thickness were measured, and the corresponding sample t test was performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS version 22). The amount of palatal alveolar bone resorption was measured and various parameters were analyzed to determine which factors affected it. Correlation analysis adopting the amount of palatal alveolar bone resorption as a dependent variable demonstrated that the SNB, mandibular plane angle, and the inclination of the maxillary central incisor were significantly correlated with before treatment. On the other hand, mandibular plane angle, angle of convexity, the inclination of the upper incisor, and the occlusal plane (UOP, POP) were significantly correlated with post-treatment. In addition, the variables related to palatal contour (PP to PAS, SN to PAS, palatal surface angle) and occlusal planes (UOP/POP) were significantly correlated with the difference in palatal bone resorption. During initial diagnosis, high angle class II with normal upper incisor inclination can be signs of high-risk factors. In addition, maintaining the occlusal plane during treatment helps to prevent palatal bone loss. Patients seeking orthodontic treatment to resolve bimaxillary protrusion usually desire to change facial features which is important in establishing confidence and improving quality of life. To resolve these chief complaints, extraction of 4 premolars is usually required and surgery may also be utilized in cases when orthodontics only treatment is inadequate. Recent universalization of the temporary anchorage devices (TADs) and mini-plates has led to more stable and esthetic facial improvements through skeletal anchorage in orthodontic treatment 1-3. However, if there is excessive lingual inclination of anterior teeth as a result of putting too much emphasis on the esthetic aspect without considering the alveolar bone remodeling response following orthodontic tooth movement, unwanted iatrogenic sequelae such as root resorption, alveolar bone loss and fenestration, dehiscence and gingival recession would likely occur 4-10. Orthodontic tooth movement is a process where application of a force induces bone resorption on the pressure side and bone apposition on the tension side. Alexder et al. mentioned that a basic axiom in orthodontics is "Bone traces tooth movement, " suggesting that whenever orthodontic movement occurs, the bone around the alveolar socket will remodel to the same extent 11. However, there is evidence that this premise does not hold true in the anterio...

This study aimed to analyze and compare the failure rate of orthodontic miniimplants (OMIs) in terms of the number of implants (implant failure rate [IFR]) and patients (patient failure rate [PFR]) according to the age, sex, and arch of the patients, the number of primary insertions, and frequency of reinsertions after failure. A total of 394 OMIs (1.2 mm in diameter; 7.0 mm in length) were inserted in 125 patients (24 male and 101 female, mean age 21.95 ± 7.60 years). IFR and PFR were evaluated according to the age and sex of the patient, the number of primary insertions, and the frequency of reinsertions after failure. PFR was 40.08% and IFR was 18.27% after the first insertions. PFR was higher than IFR regardless of the number of OMIs inserted. IFR increased with an increase in the frequency of reinsertions, reaching 66.67% after the fourth insertion, whereas PFR decreased to 25.00% after the second insertion and to 66.67% after the third and fourth insertions. The overall PFR and IFR were 40.80% and 19.29%, respectively. Although male patients, young patients, and location in the mandible showed higher PFR and IFR, there were no significant differences between PFR and IFR according to the sex, age, or arch. PFR was higher than IFR in this study, indicating that the treatment process could be more strongly affected by PFR than IFR. The failure rate can increase with the frequency of OMI reinsertions after failure. Sex, age, and arch may have no correlation with primary or recurrent OMI failure.

Background The association between dental health and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to investigate the association between dental health and obstructive CAD using multiple dental indices. Methods Eighty-eight patients (mean age: 65 years, 86% male) were prospectively enrolled before undergoing coronary CT angiography ( n = 52) or invasive coronary angiography ( n = 36). Obstructive CAD was defined as luminal stenosis of ≥50% for the left main coronary artery or ≥ 70% for the other epicardial coronary arteries. All patients underwent thorough dental examinations to evaluate 7 dental health indices, including the sum of decayed and filled teeth, the ratio of no restoration, the community periodontal index of treatment needs, clinical attachment loss, the total dental index, the panoramic topography index, and number of lost teeth. Results Forty patients (45.4%) had obstructive CAD. Among the 7 dental health indices, only the number of lost teeth was significantly associated with obstructive CAD, with patients who had obstructive CAD having significantly more lost teeth than patients without obstructive CAD (13.08 ± 10.4 vs. 5.44 ± 5.74, p < 0.001). The number of lost teeth was correlated with the number of obstructed coronary arteries ( p < 0.001). Multiple binary logistic regression analysis revealed that having ≥10 lost teeth was independently associated with the presence of obstructive CAD (odds ratio: 8.02, 95% confidence interval: 1.80–35.64; p = 0.006). Conclusions Tooth loss was associated with the presence of obstructive CAD in patients undergoing coronary evaluation. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between tooth loss and CAD.

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