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Neoplasms and tumorlike lesions that originate from chest wall tissues are uncommon compared with tumors in other parts of the body, and unfamiliarity with these disease entities can cause diagnostic difficulties for radiologists. Furthermore, the imaging features of many of these tumors are nonspecific, particularly those that are locally aggressive. However, a systematic approach based on patient age, clinical history, lesion location, and characteristic imaging findings often helps limit the differential diagnosis. Primary chest wall tumors can be classified as bone or soft-tissue tumors, with the latter being further classified into adipocytic tumors, vascular tumors, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, cutaneous lesions, fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors, and so-called fibrohistiocytic tumors, largely based on the 2002 World Health Organization classification. Within each category, it is possible to further limit the differential diagnosis with cross-sectional imaging. Information on specific features (eg, mineralization, fibrosis, hemosiderin deposits) and imaging patterns (eg, the "target sign" and "fascicular sign" seen in neurogenic tumors) can aid in making the diagnosis. Radiologists can achieve a sufficiently specific diagnosis of bone tumors and soft-tissue tumors if typical findings are present.

MR imaging of bone abnormalities, extraarticular lesions, and associated abscesses provides useful information in the differentiation of tuberculous arthritis and pyogenic arthritis.

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Precise control of morphology and optical response of 3-dimensional chiral nanoparticles remain as a significant challenge. This work demonstrates chiral gold nanoparticle synthesis using single-stranded oligonucleotide as a chiral shape modifier. The homo-oligonucleotide composed of Adenine nucleobase specifically show a distinct chirality development with a dissymmetric factor up to g ~ 0.04 at visible wavelength, whereas other nucleobases show no development of chirality. The synthesized nanoparticle shows a counter-clockwise rotation of generated chiral arms with approximately 200 nm edge length. The molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations reveal that Adenine shows the highest enantioselective interaction with Au(321)R/S facet in terms of binding orientation and affinity. This is attributed to the formation of sequence-specific intra-strand hydrogen bonding between nucleobases. We also found that different sequence programming of Adenine-and Cytosine-based oligomers result in chiral gold nanoparticles’ morphological and optical change. These results extend our understanding of the biomolecule-directed synthesis of chiral gold nanoparticles to sequence programmable deoxyribonucleic acid and provides a foundation for programmable synthesis of chiral gold nanoparticles.