Background: Despite the superiority of non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) as lipid markers for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), these are only suitable as secondary markers. We compared LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-C, and ApoB concentrations with respect to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in adults enrolled in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES).Methods: We used information on age; sex; medical history; family history of ASCVD; current lipid-lowering therapy; current smoking status; and creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, and ApoB concentrations from 5,872 KoGES participants without ASCVD. New ASCVD development was monitored during the 8-year follow-up period. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for ASCVD of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and ApoB concentrations were calculated based on the multivariate Cox regression analyses. The participants were also grouped as low and high according to the median values for each lipid marker, and calculated aHRs of each group combined by two lipid makers.Results: ApoB showed the highest aHR per 1-SD for ASCVD (1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.43), followed by non-HDL-C (1.25; 95% CI, 1.11-1.41) and LDL-C (1.20; 95% CI, 1.06-1.37). The group with low LDL-C and high ApoB concentrations had a significantly higher aHR for ASCVD (1.61; 95% CI, 1.05-2.48) compared to the reference group values (low LDL-C and low ApoB concentrations). The aHR for the group with high LDL-C and low ApoB concentrations was not significant (1.30; 95% CI, 0.79-2.16).Conclusions: ApoB, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C are independent risk factors for ASCVD. Increases in the aHR per 1-SD for ASCVD were more strongly affected by ApoB, followed by non-HDL-C and LDL-C. Participants with low LDL-C and high ApoB concentrations showed increased ASCVD risk. For individuals with ASCVD risk factors, even those presenting normal LDL-C concentrations, measuring ApoB concentrations can provide useful information for better evaluation of ASCVD risk.
A novel derivatization method of free cyanide (HCN + CN(-)) including cyanogen chloride in chlorinated drinking water was developed with d-cysteine and hypochlorite. The optimum conditions (0.5 mM D-cysteine, 0.5 mM hypochlorite, pH 4.5, and a reaction time of 10 min at room temperature) were established by the variation of parameters. Cyanide (C(13)N(15)) was chosen as an internal standard. The formed β-thiocyanoalanine was directly injected into a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer without any additional extraction or purification procedures. Under the established conditions, the limits of detection and the limits of quantification were 0.07 and 0.2 μg/L, respectively, and the interday relative standard deviation was less than 4% at concentrations of 4.0, 20.0, and 100.0 μg/L. The method was successfully applied to determine CN(-) in chlorinated water samples. The detected concentration range and detection frequency of CN(-) were 0.20-8.42 μg/L (14/24) in source drinking water and 0.21-1.03 μg/L (18/24) in chlorinated drinking water.
A highly sensitive gas chromatography mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) has been established for the determination of the level of glutaraldehyde in drinking water, surface water and waste water.
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