Recent technological improvements have made substantial changes in construction industry. In specific, some technical applications, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), open up many possibilities. Some studies have articulated the use of BIM and its advantages in construction, but most of them are theoretical, not practical. This study is to provide an insight to obstacles in BIM research. By investigating a real project that could utilize BIM in planning and construction phases, the authors try to investigate a possible outline of advantages in BIM implementation. The study area was set to a railway construction site in South Korea. The site covers multiple railway tracks, stations, telecommunication facilities, infrastructure facilities, railway structures, and so on. In the site, the authors have identified 12 errors in 7 projects that could be prevented if BIM was utilized before the construction. The total upfront costs required to provide a BIM for the seven projects was $116,348. On the other hand, the total costs required to fix the errors in the seven projects was $166,486. This can be regarded as the benefit of using BIM, because if BIM was implemented then the associated errors could easily be replaced. Therefore, the benefit–cost ratio can be estimated as 1.32 for one-month delay and 1.36 for a three-month delay.
In this paper, we propose a new memory efficient IFFT design method for OFDM-based applications, based on a signed integer mapping of three IFFT input signals which are composed of modulated data, pilot and null signals. The proposed method focuses on reducing the word size of memory in the first two stages of the single-path delay feedback (SDF) IFFT architectures since the first two stages require 75% of the overall memory. By Synopsys simulation of the first two stages of IFFT, it is shown that the proposed method achieves about 40% reduction in area and 44% reduction in power consumption compared with the previous work.
Abstract:The use of energy in the building sector has increased rapidly over the past two decades. Accordingly, various building assessment methods have developed in green building practices. However, the questions still remain in regard to how positively green buildings affect regional surroundings. This study investigates the possible relationship between LEED-certified buildings and urban heat island effect. Using GIS with spatial regression, the study found that constructing an LEED building in a 30-m boundary could possibly lower the temperature of the surrounding environment by 0.35 • C. Also, having a higher certification level, such as Gold or Platinum, increased the lowering effect by 0.48 • C, while a lower certification level, such as Certified or Silver, had a lowering effect of 0.26 • C. Although LEED has gained a substantial amount of interest and skepticism at the same time, the study results could be a potential sign that the Sustainable Sites Credits or energy-efficient materials play a positive role in lowering the temperature.
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