Pesantren as an indigenous Islamic based education institution in Indonesia has been always reflecting its social action by the religious values, including to their ecological activities. This research attempts to explore the role of pesantren on community empowerment, especially on how theologically and sociologically the movement created and perceived through society. The main question of this research is on how pesantren interpret various environmental problems through the eco-theological perspectives. This research represented by two pesantrens, modern and traditional. From theological landscape, they used Alquran as the primary source for the ecological movement and contextualizing it into the internal pesantren communities and to their surrounding communities. Pesantren Al-Amin, as the traditional one using transcendent relations as the basic theological framework, term like Kutub Alaulia and the conception of almsgiving used as its central point. Meanwhile, pesantren Daarul Ulum Lido put the basic values of the ecological movement into conception of Fiqh Albiah and conception of Caliphs to build student amorousness to environment by the narrative of sustainability and the future human generation.KeywordsPesantren, Ecology, Theology, and Contextualization
Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous nation, with about 265 million people, and has the most significant number of adherents to Islam. The country also was well known as one of the new tigers of Southeast Asia in the mid-80s with high economic development. The impressive economic growth at an average level of 5 percent, a low rate of inflation at 2.36, the rose of consumption growth to 5.1 percent, the rapid decline of poor people, and the low Gini ratio index at 0.382 show how vital Indonesia as an exemplar of the growth of capitalism in the global south. The fact that the most populous Muslims are spread widely in Southeast Asia and Indonesia would be the best example of how capitalism and religion play their role along with their cultural and social characteristics. Therefore, the main aim of the following study is to analyze contemporary Indonesia through the lenses of classical sociology theory, especially to reveal the fundamental question of how capitalist, religious, and work-oriented Indonesian society is? Within Indonesia's contemporary context and the tension between capitalism and religion, this study shows the relationships and dynamics between the two and forms another kind of capitalism.
In Singapore, Islamic identity matters mainly because Muslims and Malays have special constitutional status. However, state policies seem to contradict the status while the community is still dealing with the problem of backwardness in educational and economic development. This article examines the profile and strategic role of two Islamic organizations, MUIS (Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura, the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore) and Pergas (Persatuan Ulama dan Guru-Guru Agama Islam Singapura, Singapore Islamic Scholars, and Religious Teachers Association), in accommodating the expression and reconstructing Singaporean Muslim identity. Through intensive library research and using an interdisciplinary approach from social constructivist and fiqh of minorities’ perspectives, this article found that both have played a very important role in the expression and construction of Singaporean Muslim identity. There have been dynamic contestation and cooperation between the state policies towards the Muslim community. However, the global effect of Islamist extremism and terrorism has united them in terms of religious thought, attitude, and the formulation of the ideal Singaporean Muslim identity. The changing process of their stances toward the government’s policies was effective due to the function of fiqh of minorities in contextualizing Islamic teachings in the context of Singapore as a secular state.
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