The degree-day method is one of the well-known and the simplest methods used in the Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning industry to estimate heating and cooling energy requirements. In this study, the heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey are determined by using long-term recent measured data. Five different base temperatures ranging from 14 to 22 C are chosen in the calculation of heating degree-days. In the case of cooling degree-days, 6 different base temperatures in the range 18 to 28 C are used. Yearly heating and cooling degree-days are given both in tabular form and as counter maps for all the provinces of Turkey (78 weather stations). #

Detection of changes over the long term for a series of hydrological variables is an important and critical issue, which is subject to increasing interest. In this study, trend analysis of the streamflow of the Euphrates basin, which is the biggest basin in Turkey, is carried out. The non-parametric trend tests (Mann–Kendall and Spearman's rho) are applied to annual average, minimum and maximum streamflow data of 22 selected stations in the Euphrates basin. All the streamflow records date back over at least 24 years, with lengths in the range 24–44 years. The Mann–Kendal rank correlation test is used to determine the year in which trends begin. The linear slopes of trends are calculated by using Sen's estimator of slope technique. Based on the test's procedures, with respect to annual minimum streamflow, significant decreasing trends are detected for six stations and an upward trend is found for only one station. While no trend appears relating to annual maximum streamflow for any station, a decreasing trend is found with respect to annual mean streamflow for one station. The results are expected to assist water resources managers and policy makers in making better planning decisions in the Euphrates basin.

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The use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil-diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters. r

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The endoscopic instruments used in the stapes operation caused a temperature increase in the oval window. The authors concluded that this heat could easily be transmitted to the cochlea by the perilymph, which has obstructed contact with the outer environment following stapedomy, resulting in neurosensorial damage.

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