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Xylooligosaccharides (XOs) are considered as food ingredients, and exhibit the prebiotic effects related to gut modulation. However, no related research is available to explain their immunomodulatory effects. This report elucidated their immunomodulatory effects through the variations of proinflammatory mediators in vitro. We found that XOs (0.1 − 100 μg/mL) induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) production in un-stimulated macrophages, RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, pre-and post-treated XOs (0.1 − 100 μg/mL) dose-dependently suppressed TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO production and induced IL-10 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells without exerting cytotoxicity. Of note is that prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production didn't change significantly through the XOs treatment. These data demonstrate that XOs potently down-regulates the LPS-induced inflammatory response. The in vitro assessment of inflammatory mediators should be useful in further characterization of the effects of XOs on immunomodulation.

This work presents the effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) of rice bran on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the potential pathway through which the effects are mediated. We found that FOs induced phenotypic maturation of DCs, as shown by the increased expression of CD40, CD80/CD86 and MHC-I/II molecules. OPEN ACCESS Molecules 2014, 19 5326FOs efficiently induced maturation of DCs generated from C3H/HeN or C57BL/6 mice with normal toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) or TLR-2 but not DCs from mice with mutated TLR4 or TLR2. The mechanism of action of FOs may be mediated by increased phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and increased NF-B activity, which are important signaling molecules downstream of TLR-4 and TLR-2. These data suggest that FOs induce DCs maturation through TLR-4 and/or TLR-2 and that FOs might have potential efficacy against tumor or virus infection or represent a candidate-adjuvant approach for application in immunotherapy and vaccination.