Aim The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise intervention in hypoxia as a novel treatment method for obesity in older men. Methods A total of 24 obese 65–70‐year‐old Korean men (66.5 ± 0.8 years) were randomly assigned to undergo hypoxic training (n = 12) or normoxic training (n = 12), and all participants carried out an exercise intervention composed of aerobic exercise on a treadmill (30 min) and bicycle (30 min), and resistance exercise (30–40 min) in normoxia, and 3000‐m normobaric hypoxia separately for a total of 12 weeks, three times a week. Health‐related dependent variables (body composition, physical fitness, pulmonary function and heart rate variability) were evaluated at pre‐ and post‐exercise intervention. Results Hypoxic training showed more improved body composition (bodyweight −5.68 vs −3.16 kg, %body fat −5.50 vs −1.97%, fat‐free mass 2.09 vs 1.06 kg), physical fitness (chair sit‐to‐stand 5.67 vs 4.58, pegboard 3.58 vs 2.17, tandem test −1.74 vs −1.31 s, one leg standing 6.27 vs 3.71 s), pulmonary function (forced vital capacity 0.15 vs 0.02 L, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.23 vs 0.01 L, percent of forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.87 vs 0.08, maximal voluntary ventilation 5.26 vs 2.22 L) and heart rate variability (high frequency 0.94 vs 0.19 ms2, low frequency/high frequency −0.28 vs −0.08, salivary cortisol −0.13 vs −0.04 μg/dL) than normoxic training. Conclusions Compared with normoxic training, hypoxic training is a novel and successful health promotion method in obese older populations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 311–316.
Athletic endurance performance at sea level can be improved via intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). However, the efficacy of IHT for enhancement of aerobic exercise performance at sea level is controversial because of methodological differences. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine whether the IHT regimen ameliorates exercise economy and aerobic exercise performance in moderately trained swimmers. A total of 20 moderately trained swimmers were equally assigned to the control group (n=10) training in normoxic conditions and the IHT group (n=10) training at a simulated altitude of 3000 m. They were evaluated for metabolic parameters and skeletal muscle oxygenation during 30 min submaximal exercise on a bicycle, and aerobic exercise performance before and after 6 weeks of training composed of aerobic continuous exercise set at 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) during 30 min and anaerobic interval exercise set at the exercise load with 90% HRmax measured in pre-test during 30 min (10 times 2 min exercise and 1 min rest). According to the results, the IHT group demonstrated greater improvement in exercise economy due to decreases in VO2 (p=.016) and HHb (p=.002) and increases in O2Hb (p<.001) and TOI (p=.006). VCO2 was decreased in the IHT group (p=.010) and blood lactate level was decreased in the control (p=.005) and IHT groups (p=.001). All aerobic exercise performance including VO2max (p=.001) and the 400 m time trial (p<.001) were increased in the IHT group. The present findings indicate that the 6 week IHT regime composed of high-intensity aerobic continuous exercise and anaerobic interval exercise can be considered an effective altitude/hypoxic training method for improvement of exercise economy and aerobic exercise performance in moderately trained swimmers.
This study evaluated the effects of intermittent interval training in hypoxic conditions for six weeks compared with normoxic conditions, on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, immune function, and athletic performance in middle- and long-distance runners. Twenty athletes were divided into normoxic training (normoxic training group (NTG); n = 10; residing and training at sea level) and hypoxic training (hypoxic training group (HTG); n = 10; residing at sea level but training in 526-mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All dependent variables were measured before, and after, training. The training frequency was 90 min, 3 d per week for six weeks. Body composition showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the HTG showed more significantly improved athletic performance (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake). The hemodynamic function (e.g., oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and cardiac output) during submaximal exercise and ANS function (e.g., standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low/high frequency) improved more in the HTG. Immune function parameters were stable within the normal range before and after training in both groups. Therefore, hypoxic training was more effective in enhancing athletic performance, and improving hemodynamic and ANS function; further, it did not adversely affect immune function in competitive runners.
[Purpose]Hemodynamic function is a parameter indicating oxygen delivery and utilization capacity and is an important determinant of exercise performance. The present study aimed to determine whether intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) ameliorates hemodynamic function and exercise performance in competitive swimmers.[Methods]Twenty competitive swimmers (10 men, 10 women) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were divided into the normoxic training (NT) group and the hypoxic training (HT) group and were subjected to training in a simulated altitude of 3000 m. We evaluated hemodynamic function profiles over 30 min of submaximal exercise on a bicycle and exercise performance before and after 6 weeks of training, which involved continuous exercise at 80% maximal heart rate (HRmax) for 30 min and interval exercise at 90% of HRmax measured before training for 30 min (ten rounds comprising 2 min of exercise followed by 1 min of rest each round).[Results]Significant changes in oxygen consumption (decrease) and end-diastolic volume (increase) were observed only in the HT group. Heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and ejection fraction (EF) were significantly reduced in both groups, but the reduction rates of HR and CO were greater in the HT group than in the NT group. Exercise performance measures, including maximal oxygen consumption and 400-m time trial, were significantly increased only in the HT group.[Conclusion]Our findings suggested that 6 weeks of IHT, which involved high-intensity continuous and interval exercise, can effectively improve exercise performance by enhancing hemodynamic function in competitive swimmers.
[Purpose]This study was designed as a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing effectiveness of altitude/hypoxic training (experimental) versus sea-level training (control) on oxygen delivery capacity of the blood and aerobic exercise capacity of elite athletes in Korea.[Methods]Databases (Research Information Service System, Korean studies Information Service System, National Assembly Library) were for randomized controlled trials comparing altitude/hypoxic training versus sea-level training in elite athletes. Studies published in Korea up to December 2015 were eligible for inclusion. Oxygen delivery capacity of the blood was quantified by red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), erythropoietin (EPO); and aerobic exercise capacity was quantified by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). RBC, Hb, Hct, VO2max represented heterogeneity and compared post-intervention between altitude/hypoxic training and sea-level training in elite athletes by a random effect model meta-analysis. EPO represented homogeneity and meta-analysis performed by a fixed effect model. Eight independent studies with 156 elite athletes (experimental: n = 82, control: n = 74) were included in the metaanalysis.[Results]RBC (4.499×105 cell/ul, 95 % CI: 2.469 to 6.529), Hb (5.447 g/dl, 95 % CI: 3.028 to 7.866), Hct (3.639 %, 95 % CI: 1.687 to 5.591), EPO (0.711 mU/mL, 95% CI: 0.282 to 1.140), VO2max (1.637 ml/kg/min, 95% CI: 0.599 to 1.400) showed significantly greater increase following altitude/hypoxic training, as compared with sea-level training.[Conclusion]For elite athletes in Korea, altitude/ hypoxic training appears more effective than sea-level training for improvement of oxygen delivery capacity of the blood and aerobic exercise capacity.
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