In this work, a highly miniaturized microstrip antenna array based on two elements is proposed for multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) application systems at sub-6 GHz frequency bands. The antenna is structured from a meander line in conjugate with an interdigital capacitor when excited through the monopole basic antenna. The proposed antenna elements are separated with a Minkowski factor-shaped metamaterial (MTM) column to achieve a separation distance (D) of 0.08λ at 3 GHz when printed on an FR-4 substrate. Later on, the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and gain is controlled using a photonic process based on optical active switches based on light-dependent resistances (LDR). Therefore, the reconfiguration complexity with such a technique can be eliminated significantly without the need for a biasing circuit. The antenna design was conducted through several parametric studies to arrive at the optimal design that realizes the frequency bandwidth between 3 and 5.5 GHz with a maximum gain of about 4.5 dBi when all LDR terminals are off. For a wireless channel performance study-based massive MIMO environment, the proposed antenna is suitable to be configured in arrays of 64 × 64 elements. From this study, it was found the maximum bit error rate (BER) does not exceed 0.15 with a channel capacity (CC) of 2 Gbps. For validation, the antenna was fabricated based on two elements and tested experimentally. Finally, it was revealed that the measured results agree very well with simulations after comparing the theoretical calculations with the measured data.
Origami antenna technology is initiated recently to resolve different relative issue with visual pollution and antenna embedding inside buildings sights. This technology inspired us to invoke historical sites to shape a novel antenna design-based MIMO (Multi-Input and Multi-Output) technology for 5G systems at sub-6GHz frequency bands. In such a matter, the antenna array is designed to be shaped as Muhammad Al-Fatih Mosque. The proposed antenna array is constructed from 2-elements of a 2D array configuration with a separation distance of λ/10 at 2.45GHz. After conducting several parametric studies using CST Microwave studio, the authors reached to the optimal performance of the proposed design. The proposed antenna array is found to show three frequency bands, of matching S11≤-6dB, 1.7GHz-2.7GHz, 3.1GHz-3.8GHz, and 4.5GHz-5.1GHz with a gain of 5.2dBi, 6.8dBi, and 8.1dBi, respectively. Nevertheless, it is found that the proposed antenna array mutual coupling, S12, is about -20dB over the entire frequency band of interest. Later, the proposed antenna performance is validated using a commercial HFSS software package. Finally, the results from the conducted design methodology are found to agree very well with each other.
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