Background. Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. In the USA high incidence of C. difficile infection (CDI) in clinical environments has led to interest in C. difficile spore transmission. Hypothesis. Single use hospital surgical gown ties act as a reservoir for C. difficile spores. Aim. This study sought to examine whether single-use hospital surgical gown ties used in surgery, from an acute healthcare facility, harboured C. difficile spores. Methodology. Used surgical gowns ties worn by clinicians in the healthcare facility were examined for C. difficile spore presence via spread plate and anaerobic culture. The colonies isolated from each gown tie were subcultured on C. difficile selective agar for phenotypic confirmation. Presumptive C. difficile colonies were examined using C. difficile Quik Check Complete, 16–23S PCR Ribotyping and MALDI-TOF analysis. Results. In total 17 suspected C. difficile colonies were isolated from 15 gown ties via culture. C. difficile Quik Check Complete found two isolates as possible C. difficile . MALDI-TOF and PCR Ribotyping confirmed one isolate as C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 associated with clinical outbreaks. Discussion. Our study revealed the presence of hypervirulent C. difficile ribotype 027 spores on single-use gown ties. This highlights the potential of gown ties as a vector of spore transmission across clinical environments, especially when gowns are not worn appropriately. Conclusions. Appropriate compliance to infection control procedures by healthcare workers is essential to prevent spore dissemination across clinical facilities and reduce CDI rates.
The study highlights elements of totalitarian regime in the light of the pattern given by Hanna Arendt in her book Origin of Totalitarianism. The authorities of such regimes prove to be despotic, centralized, horrible, and non-democratic. They use different techniques such as tyrannical exertions, oppression by the state, fright and trepidation, constant war on purpose, censorship of media and demand of unquestionable obedience from the masses. The research article has taken into consideration The Queue by Bisma Abdul Aziz. There is a consistent approach on the part of the ruler to set up and sustain the absolute government. It projects the desperate struggle of the regime to impose authority on the masses and signifies that any possible revolt is stricken hard as it may prove to be a threat to the regime. The study contextualizes the current political upheaval across the globe since on the one hand, there are frequent efforts to develop the democratic norms across the world while on another hand, there are countries which smash these norms just for the sake of attaining the power. The article works on the basic question that how the selected text of fiction portrays the tyrannical exertions by the omnipotent authority for the accomplishment of its ends? The aims of the study are to highlight these horrendous efforts of the authority in the selected text and to highlight its undemocratic practices.
The current study has taken into consideration Orwell’s 1984 to find the elements of despotism for the establishment of totalitarian regimes and to reduce them to an absurdity. The aim of this study is to highlight the failure of totalitarian regimes in terms of ground realities. Historical instances show that such governments used various techniques like, insurgency, censorship of media, changing the facts and oppression of the masses by the totalitarian rulers to sustain the authority in the state. The study has highlighted the ineffectuality of the regime in the selected text in the light of totalitarian absurdity on practical grounds. The theoretical framework which has been used is totalitarian absurdity. It has looked for the totalitarian governments and the tactics they used to rule the masses and has reduced them to an absurdity as they failed badly eventually. In the light of the results, it can be safely argued that there had been a constant effort on the part of the state to suppress the masses but there had always been a revolt on the part of the oppressed masses who denied the authority. The more the authority proved to be strict the more it augmented the potential of the subjugated masses to show revolt. Thus, one can rightly say that totalitarian regimes besides their every effort can be drawn to an absurdity.
Background: The present study evaluated the chromosomal and molecular variations in patients of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oncology at a tertiary care center between April 2018 and June 2021. A total of 314 cases of acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias were evaluated. Molecular and cytogenetic tests were conducted on these patients. Peripheral and bone marrow smears of all the subjects were sent to the laboratory for molecular and cytogenetic studies. The diagnosis was confirmed with morphology and specific staining, such as Gimsa, myeloperoxidase, molecular, and cytogenetic findings. The results of BM karyotype were classified as normal diploid, hypo and hyper diploid, complex karyotype, and pseudo-diploid. Data was explored using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: A total of 314 patients were included in the study. Around 40 percent were diagnosed with AML while the 60% had ALL. The mean age of patients was 31.5 +/- 5.6 years. The karyotype revealed that 55.4% were normal diploid, 5.2% were hypo-diploid, 8.4% were hyper-diploid, 18.54% were pseudo-diploid, and the remainder had complex karyotype. A significant difference was observed between the acute leukemia and mean age (P < 0.001). The mean age of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients was significantly higher than acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). The pseudodiploid pattern was meaningfully more frequent in the AML patients compared with that in the MDS and ALL patients (P < 0.001). Chromosomal abnormalities including monosomy of chromosome 14 and trisomy of chromosome 3 were the most prevalent. Conclusion: The current study revealed the variations in the chromosomal abnormalities in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). The specific patterns associated with particular leukemia can help establish early diagnosis. Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chromosome, hematology, malignancy
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