Due to its eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, ability to be handled safely, and a wide variety of biological activities, the green plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has become increasingly popular. The present work deals with the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Elaeagnus umbellata (fruit) and the evaluation of its antibacterial, antioxidant, and phytotoxic activities. For the synthesis of AgNPs, fruit extract was treated with a 4 mM AgNO3 solution at room temperature, and a color change was observed. In UV-Visible spectroscopy, an absorption peak formation at 456 nm was the sign that AgNPs were present in the reaction solution. Scanning electron microscopy and physicochemical X-ray diffraction were used to characterize AgNPs, which revealed that they were crystalline, spherical, and had an average size of 11.94 ± 7.325 nm. The synthesized AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (14 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (13.5 mm), Proteus mirabilis (13 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5 mm), as well as considerable antioxidant activity against DPPH with 69% inhibition at an IC50 value of 43.38 µg/mL. AgNPs also exhibited a concentration-dependent effect on rice plants. Root and shoot length were found to be positively impacted at all concentrations, i.e., 12.5 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, and 100 µg/mL. Among these concentrations, the 50 µg/mL concentration of AgNPs was found to be most effective. The plant biomass decreased at higher AgNP exposure levels (i.e., 100 µg/mL), whereas 50 µg/mL caused a significant increase in plant biomass as compared to the control. This study provides an eco-friendly method for the synthesis of AgNPs which can be used for their antibacterial and antioxidant activities and also as growth promoters of crop plants.
Aloe vera, Mentha arvensis (mint), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaf extracts were used to synthesize stable silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by green chemistry. UV–vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize these biosynthesized nanoparticles. The data indicated that the silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, and the narrower particle size distribution was at 10–22 nm by maintaining a specific pH. As a short-term post-sowing treatment, Ag-NP solutions of different sizes (10 and 50 ppm) were introduced to mung bean seedlings, and the overall increase in plant growth was found to be more pronounced at 50 ppm concentration. The antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs was also investigated by disc diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. The zones of inhibition (ZOI) were shown by Escherichia coli (E. coli) (1.9, 2.1, 1.7, and 2 mm), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (1.8, 1.7, 1.6, and 1.9 mm), against coriander, mint, Aloe vera, and lemongrass, respectively. MIC and MBC values of E. coli, and S. aureus ranged from 7 to 8 µg/mL. Overall, this study demonstrates that Ag-NPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity and thus might be developed as a new type of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bacterial infection.
This study was designed to develop an efficient protocol for Lallementia royleana in vitro culturing and to analyze the effect of various hormones on its culturing ability. The indirect organogenesis and its callogenetic ability were evaluated; with the best (100%) results with 1 mg L -1 of benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 2 mg L -1 of indole acetic acid (IAA) combination. In direct regeneration, leave petioles, nodes and internodes explants were cultured for shooting on various concentrations of BAP and kinetin (KIN). Maximum shooting (80%) was obtained from nodal parts with 1.0 mg L -1 of BAP and 0.5 mg L -1 of KIN. Similarly, the best in vitro rooting (24 roots) was achieved with 1 mg L -1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Lallementia royleana showed higher regeneration through direct regeneration than callogenesis. Significant variability (p = 0.002625) among callus induction, plant parts and hormonal combinations were observed. The node and internode explants showed observable callus responses in combinations of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with NAA, and BAP with IAA.
The current research contributes to the literature by evaluating the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), energy volatility, and output volatility on global economies over the time period 1971-2020. The analysis was based on panel dataset for 154 nations. For empirical analysis, the study used pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects models including 2SLS and GMM methods. Moreover, to ensure the stability of the findings, the study ran a series of robustness analyses. The results suggested that ICT mitigates economic instability and output volatility. Energy use volatility, on the other hand, yielded considerable positive and statistically significant outcomes and augmented output volatility. This study provides important policy recommendations for implementing ICT-enabled technologies. Moreover, it is advised that the government should promote ICT technologies which result in lower volatility and protracted development of the economy.
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