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Due to antimicrobial importance of benzimidazoles and hydrazones, some benzimidazole-hydrazone compounds were synthesized to screen their antimicrobial activity. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by (1)H-NMR, IR and ES-MS spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized benzimidazole-hydrazones exhibited very weak antibacterial activity. However, antifungal activity of some of the synthesized compounds was very notable against Candida species. The compounds displaying important antifungal activity were screened for their toxicity. Artemia salina 96-well assay was used to determine cytotoxicity of the compounds. Tested compounds exhibited toxicity to different extents (LD(50) = 126.33-368.72 μg/mL). Nevertheless, determination of 3-14 folds higher LD(50) than minimum inhibitory concentration is a significant finding, which demonstrates that the compounds display antifungal activity at non-toxic concentration.

In the present study a new series of benzimidazole derivatives bearing various (benz)azolylthio moieties were synthesized so as to investigate their antimicrobial activity. Structures of the target compounds (5a-5i) were confirmed by their IR, (1) H-NMR, ES-MS spectral data, and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds (5a-5i) exhibited poor activity against bacterial strains. On the other hand, antifungal activity of the compounds against Candida species was very significant. Brine-Shrimp lethality assay was performed for determination of toxicity of the compounds. Compounds 5a, 5c, and 5d were evaluated as non-toxic in addition to their attractive antifungal activity. However, the other compounds (5b, e-i) in the series showed toxicity to different extents.

1-(p-Methylphenyl)-3,5-diaryl-2-pyrazoline derivatives (2a-f) were synthesized via the treatment of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-aryl-2-propen-1-ones (1a-f) with p-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride in hot acetic acid. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by IR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectral data and elemental analysis. These compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Brine-Shrimp lethality assay was carried out to determine the toxicity of the compounds. Compound 2e, which is the pyrazoline derivative bearing the 2,5-dichlorophenyl moiety, can be identified as the most promising agent against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) and Candida glabrata (ATCC 36583) due to its inhibitory effects on K. pneumoniae and C. glabrata with a MIC value of 100 µg/mL as a non-toxic agent (LC₅₀ > 1000 µg/mL).

The biosorption of lead ions (Pb2+) onto lyophilized fungus Aspergillus niveus was investigated in aqueous solutions in a batch system with respect to pH, contact time and initial concentration of the ions at 30 °C. The maximum adsorption capacity of lyophilized A. niveus was found to be 92.6 mg g−1 at pH 5.1 and the biosorption equilibrium was established about in 30 min. The adsorption capacity obtained is one of the highest value among those reported in the literature. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic, and intraparticle diffusion equations. Kinetic parameters, such as rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities, and related correlation coefficients for the kinetic models were calculated and discussed. It was found that the adsorption of lead ions onto lyophilized A. niveus biomass fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters for the lead ion adsorption were applied and the Langmuir model agreed better with the adsorption of lead ions onto lyophilized A. niveus.

Antidepressants are drugs commonly used in clinical settings. However, there are very limited studies on the effects of these drugs on the gut microbiota. Herein, we evaluated the effect of reboxetine (RBX), a selective norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitor (NRI), on gut microbiota in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. This is the first report of relation between reboxetine use and the gut microbiota to our knowledge. In this study, type-1 diabetes induced by using streptozotocin (STZ) and RBX was administered to diabetic rats and healthy controls for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, stool samples were collected. Following DNA extraction, amplicon libraries for the V3-V4 region were prepared and sequenced with the Illumina Miseq platform. QIIME was used for preprocessing and analysis of the data. As a result, RBX had a significant effect on gut microbiota structure and composition in diabetic and healthy rats. For example, RBX exposure had a pronounced microbial signature in both groups, with a low Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and low Lactobacillus levels. While another abundance phylum after exposure to RBX was Proteabacteria, other notable taxa in the diabetic group included Flavobacterium, Desulfovibrionaceae, Helicobacteriaceae, Campylobacterales, and Pasteurellacae when compared to the untreated group.

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