Background: Loss of vigor caused by seed aging adversely affects agricultural production under natural conditions. However, priming is an economical and effective method for improving the vigor of aged seeds. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of exogenous ascorbic acid (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) priming in the repairing of aged oat (Avena sativa) seeds, and to test the hypothesis that structural and functional systems in mitochondria were involved in this process. Results: Oat seeds were artificially aged for 20 days at 45°C, and were primed with solutions (1 mmol L − 1 ) of ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH at 20°C for 0.5 h before or after their aging. Seed germination, antioxidant enzymes in the ASC-GSH cycle, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities, and the mitochondrial ultrastructures of the embryonic root cells were markedly improved in aged oat seeds through post-priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH, while their malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH after aging could effectively alleviate aging damage in oat seeds, and that the role of ASC was more effective than GSH, but positive effects of post-priming with ASC and GSH were not superior to post-priming with ASC in repairing aging damage of aged oat seeds. However, pre-priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH was not effective in oat seeds, suggesting that pre-priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH could not inhibit the occurrence of aging damage in oat seeds.
Alfalfa seeds were primed with 0, 0.1 %, 0.3 %, 0.6 %, 1.2 %, 2.4 % and 4.8 % (W/V) concentration of borax solution for 0 (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at 20°C. The results showed that the vigour of alfalfa seeds were very significantly (P less than 0.01) related to boron concentration, priming time and their interaction, they were enhanced by the opportune concentration of boron priming, but were restrained by high concentration of boron. Priming with 0.1 % boron for 6 h was the best treatment for using to improve the seed vigour of alfalfa.
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. organic matter recycled water, salt, saline, topdressing, turfgrass SUMMARY. Increased use of recycled water along with inherent soil salinity problems on golf courses make salinity an important issue for golf course management. The objective of this study was to investigate if using humus on golf fairways by topdressing or spraying can alleviate soil salinity problems and improve turf quality. The study was conducted from 2015 to 2017 at Aurora, CO, and Medora, ND. Treatments included an untreated control, topdressing (sand, sand D peat), and spraying of humic acid. Our results showed that the application of humus increased the soil microbial biomass and improved turf quality on fairways either with a soil salinity problem or irrigated with recycled water. The effects on turfgrass health and turf quality were dependent on the rates of humus applied. Humic acid at 3 gal/acre was equivalent to topdressing sand D peat (80/20 v/v) and consistently showed improved turf quality over the untreated control. Soil properties also were affected by the application of humus. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density, water infiltration, and microbial biomass may have had an indirect contribution to turf quality.
Core Ideas Soil properties are important factors for pasture degradation in addition to grazing management. Community patch formation could be predicted from soil variables. Community patch types may be used as an indicator of the degree of grassland degradation. Grazing exclusion affects biomass production and species diversity differently. Rangeland degradation poses a serious environmental and economic problem in northern China. This study investigated soil conditions and plant community patches prior to and after grazing exclusion in Youyu County, Shanxi Province. The soil at this site has a pH of 8.2 to 10.1 and electrical conductivity of 0.4 to 5.9 dS m−1. With the exception of bare patches, the patches were named after the dominant species, that is, Artemisia anethifolia Weber ex Stechm. (AA), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (PA), Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. (PD), Chloria virgate Sw. (CV), and Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel. (LS) with increasing biomass production, Shannon–Wiener index (H’), evenness index (V’), degree of succession (Ds), and patch shape parameters. Canonical correlation analysis was used to explain the relationships between soil variables and biological, and between soil variables and shape variables of the community patches. The soil canonical variable was represented by soil moisture, organic matter, and bulk density with a standardized canonical coefficient of 1.09, 0.79, and –0.69, respectively. The plant canonical variable was represented by biomass production with correlation coefficient of 0.96 (P = 0.0021). A total of 73.0% of the variance standardizing the measuring units of the plant variables were explained by the soil canonical variable, indicating that the first latent soil variable could be used to predict the latent plant variable. Open grazing (90% biomass removal) contributed to the deterioration of the grassland. Over a 2‐yr period, grazing exclusion did not increase the H’ but it did increase biomass production. Therefore, correcting soil problems is needed in addition to reducing the grazing stock.
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