BackgroundThe Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) aims to provide a common language for risk stratification and management. We examine the incidence of MSRSGC categories and the corresponding risk of malignancy (ROM) within a tertiary referral centre in Southeast Asia.MethodsSalivary gland fine needle aspirations (FNAs) performed within a 10‐year period were classified retrospectively according to the MSRSGC. Cytohistologic correlation was performed. The results were compared with the existing literature, including Asian and Western studies.ResultsA total of 1384 salivary gland FNAs were evaluated, 421 with corresponding histology. The category distribution was: nondiagnostic, 28.9%; nonneoplastic, 18.0%; atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), 9.8%; benign neoplasm, 32.9%; salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP), 5.7%; suspicious for malignancy, 1.6%; and malignant, 3.2%. The ROMs were: nondiagnostic, 10.0%; nonneoplastic, 17.5%; AUS, 29.5%; benign neoplasm, 0.5%; SUMP, 17.1%; suspicious for malignancy, 83.3%; and malignant, 100.0%. Our relatively high nondiagnostic rate likely reflects preanalytical factors, whereas our low malignancy rate may be related to population and health care accessibility. Our nonneoplastic ROM was 17.5% compared with 5% to 10% in the literature, likely due to the relatively small number of excised cases; the ROM for SUMP was 17.1% versus 21% to 44% in the literature, possibly reflecting a significant proportion of benign basaloid neoplasms on histology. Interestingly, all false‐negative cases in the nonneoplastic category were lymphoid‐rich lesions.ConclusionThis is one of the largest single‐institution studies in the existing literature documenting both the incidence and ROMs of MSRSGC categories. We also highlight specific challenges surrounding lymphoid‐rich lesions.

With the rapid development of various coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in a bid to counter and contain the COVID-19 pandemic, unusual and uncommon side effects of COVID-19 vaccination have been increasingly reported in the literature. Ipsilateral lymphadenopathy is a fairly common side effect of vaccination of any kind, with its etiology most commonly related to reactive lymphadenopathy. However, Kikuchi–Fujimoto Disease (KFD) or necrotizing histiocytic lymphadenitis is rarely observed post-vaccination, with only one other case of KFD post COVID-19 vaccination reported to date. We report two more cases of KFD post COVID-19 vaccination in the Asian population, highlighting the clinical course and salient clinical, radiological and histologic findings. In addition, we provide a literature review of the existing cases of lymphadenopathy post COVID-19 vaccination with cytologic and/or histologic correlation.

Rationale: Identifying genetic markers for heterogeneous complex diseases such as heart failure is challenging, and requires prohibitively large cohort sizes in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in order to meet the stringent threshold of genome-wide statistical significance. On the other hand, chromatin quantitative trait loci (QTL), elucidated by direct epigenetic profiling of specific human tissues, may contribute towards prioritising sub-threshold variants for disease-association. Objective: Here, we captured non-coding genetic variants by performing epigenetic profiling for enhancer H3K27ac ChIP-seq in 70 human control and end-stage failing hearts. Methods and Results: We have mapped a comprehensive catalogue of 47,321 putative human heart enhancers and promoters. 3,897 differential acetylation peaks (FDR 5%) pointed to pathways altered in heart failure (HF). To identify cardiac histone acetylation QTLs (haQTLs), we regressed out confounding factors including HF disease status, and employed the G-SCI test1 to call out 1,680 haQTLs (FDR 10%). RNA-seq performed on the same heart samples proved a subset of haQTLs to have significant association also to gene expression (expression QTLs), either in cis (180), or through long range interactions (81), identified by Hi-C and HiChIP performed on a subset of hearts. Furthermore, a concordant relationship between the gain or disruption of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs, inferred from alternative alleles at the haQTLs, implied a surprising direct association between these specific TF and local histone acetylation in human hearts. Finally, 62 unique loci were identified by colocalisation of haQTLs with the sub-threshold loci of heart-related GWAS datasets. Conclusions: Disease and phenotype-association for 62 unique loci are now implicated. These loci may indeed mediated their effect through modification of enhancer H3K27-acetylation enrichment and their corresponding gene expression differences.

The results have been demonstrated that the expression of CD147 and MMP-2 may be an important feature of DTC. The detection of these two markers may increase the ability of clinicians to investigate the progression of DTC patients.