In order to achieve a thorough coverage of the basal lineages in the Chinese matrilineal pool, we have sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and partial coding region segments of 6,093 mtDNAs sampled from 84 populations across China. By comparing with the available complete mtDNA sequences, 194 of those mtDNAs could not be firmly assigned into the available haplogroups. Completely sequencing 51 representatives selected from these unclassified mtDNAs identified a number of novel lineages, including five novel basal haplogroups that directly emanate from the Eurasian founder nodes (M and N). No matrilineal contribution from the archaic hominid was observed. Subsequent analyses suggested that these newly identified basal lineages likely represent the genetic relics of modern humans initially peopling East Asia instead of being the results of gene flow from the neighboring regions. The observation that most of the newly recognized mtDNA lineages have already differentiated and show the highest genetic diversity in southern China provided additional evidence in support of the Southern Route peopling hypothesis of East Asians. Specifically, the enrichment of most of the basal lineages in southern China and their rather ancient ages in Late Pleistocene further suggested that this region was likely the genetic reservoir of modern humans after they entered East Asia.

BackgroundArchaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia.ResultsA total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories.ConclusionsOur results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.

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Tui Na might be a safe and effective treatment to reduce post-stroke spasticity of several muscle groups.

The plant microbiota play a key role in plant productivity, nutrient uptake, resistance to stress and flowering. The flowering of moso bamboo has been a focus of study. The mechanism of flowering is related to nutrient uptake, temperature, hormone balance and regulation of key genes. However, the connection between microbiota of moso bamboo and its flowering is unknown. In this study, samples of rhizosphere soil, rhizomes, roots and leaves of flowering and nonflowering plants were collected, and 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing was utilized to separate the bacterial communities associated with different flowering stages of moso bamboo. We identified 5442 OTUs, and the number of rhizosphere soil OTUs was much higher than those of other samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (Bray Curtis dis) analysis revealed that the bacterial microorganisms related to rhizosphere soil and endophytic tissues of moso bamboo differed significantly from those in bulk soil and rhizobacterial and endosphere microbiomes. In addition, the PCA analyses of root and rhizosphere soil revealed different structures of microbial communities between bamboo that is flowering and not flowering. Through the analysis of core microorganisms, it was found that Flavobacterium, Bacillus and Stenotrophomonas played an important role in the absorption of N elements, which may affect the flowering time of moso bamboo. Our results delineate the complex host-microbe interactions of this plant. We also discuss the potential influence of bacterial microbiome in flowering, which can provide a basis for the development and utilization of moso bamboo.

We present a novel electroosmotic micromixer that consists of arrays of direct current (DC) asymmetric electrode and asymmetric lateral structures. By embedding asymmetric electrode arrays on the top and bottom walls of a rectangular microchannel appropriately, the flow perturbations and vortexes can be induced when a DC electric field is imposed. An efficient lateral structure is then sequentially combined with the rectangular microchannel, which enhances the mixing effect significantly. The effects of operational parameters such as the Reynolds number, the applied potential, and the Peclet number on the mixing performance are analyzed in detail by numerical simulations. The results indicate that an enhanced mixing performance can be achieved with low applied potential. The novel method proposed in this paper provides a simple solution for mixing in the field of micro-total-analysis systems.

Background Mediastinal venous aneurysm is a very rare disease and can be easily misdiagnosed. Patients are often asymptomatic while venous aneurysm of large size with adjacent structures oppressed can lead to discomfort. The surgical treatment for aneurysm of large vessels is often complex and challenging. Case presentation We reported a 52-year-old man with mediastinal mass who received operation on July 2019 in our hospital. Left innominate vein aneurysm was diagnosed during operation with superior vena cava involved. The aneurysm was resected and pericardium was taken to repair part wall of superior vena cava and reconstruct left innominate vein. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusions Venous aneurysm should be considered when mediastinal mass has no clear boundary with large veins or even seems to connect with them. Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic angiography and invasive venography can be performed to further evaluate the mass once diagnosis of venous aneurysm was suspected. Using pericardium to repair large veins is a good choice which is safe and costless.