No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The aim of this paper is to present a three-stage model that specifies the possible mechanisms for the domestication of the guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis Lönnberg, 1913), which gave origin to the llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758). A more comprehensive analytical framework is proposed, beyond the wild-domestic dichotomy. The model takes into account the interaction of two components: animal and human behaviors. Simultaneously, we analyse the types of selection acting in the different stages of the domestication process and the archaeological evidence available. RÉSUMÉUn modèle pour la domestication du llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758) dans les Andes du sud. L'objectif de ce travail est de présenter un modèle avec trois stades qui spécifient les possibles mécanismes de domestication du guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis Lönnberg, 1913), qui donna lieu à l'origine du lama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758). Nous proposons ici un cadre analytique plus explicite qui va au-delà de la dichotomie entre sauvage et domestique. Le modèle prend en compte l'interaction de deux facteurs tels que le comportement humain et le comportement animal. Nous analysons simultanément les types de sélection qui ont agi sur les différents stades du processus de domestication et l'évidence archéologique disponible.

ResumenEl propósito de este trabajo es discutir algunos aspectos relacionados con los sistemas de intercambio en el Centro Sur Andino, particularmente la Puna de Atacama, la Quebrada de Humahuaca y sectores adyacentes de las yungas para el período entre los 3000 y 1000 AP. Para ello se plantea que el intercambio solo es posible como consecuencia de una estructura que pueda garantizar su efectividad y continuidad en el plano social y que esto es llevado a cabo por acciones colectivas en situaciones estructuradas. Se revisarán casos de análisis para discutir la naturaleza del tráfi co de bienes que comprenden la distribución de las obsidianas, las cerámicas San Francisco y La Isla. Estos casos serán útiles para discutir los mecanismos, agentes y organización política del intercambio. Por último, a partir de estas cuestiones teóricas y fácticas trataremos de ofrecer una serie de explicaciones plausibles acerca de las características del sistema de intercambio. Palabras claves: Intercambio, Caravanas de llamas, Puna y Quebrada, Formativo. AbstractThe goal of this paper is to discuss some aspects of the exchange systems in the South Central Andes, particularly the Puna de Atacama, the Quebrada de Humahuaca and adjacent areas of the Yungas for the period between 3000 and 1000 BP. Exchange is only possible out of a structure which could warrant it effectiveness and continuity in the social level, and this is accomplished by collective actions in structured situations. Three test cases will be reviewed to discuss the nature of the exchange of goods comprising the distribution of obsidian, San Francisco and La Isla ceramics. These cases will be useful to discuss the mechanisms, agents and political organization of the exchange. Finally, out of the theoretical and factual issues, we will try to offer a number of plausible explanations about the characteristics of the exchange system.

No abstract

We present precipitation isotope data (δ2H and δ18O values) from 19 stations across the tropics collected from 2012 to 2017 under the Coordinated Research Project F31004 sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Rainfall samples were collected daily and analysed for stable isotopic ratios of oxygen and hydrogen by participating laboratories following a common analytical framework. We also calculated daily mean stratiform rainfall area fractions around each station over an area of 5° x 5° longitude/latitude based on TRMM/GPM satellite data. Isotope time series, along with information on rainfall amount and stratiform/convective proportions provide a valuable tool for rainfall characterisation and to improve the ability of isotope-enabled Global Circulation Models to predict variability and availability of inputs to fresh water resources across the tropics.

No abstract