Locally specific and useful intelligence on injecting and its health consequence can be generated to inform local public health action, and may contribute information to validate national prevalence estimates.
We conclude that there still gaps in MDPH career structures internationally. While this study provides preliminary knowledge on the subject, we recommend further research to inform debates and policies in MDPH professional practice especially in LMICs.
There appears to be a promising effect for the use of both CM and MI approaches to increase the uptake of IDUs into treatment. Further investigation of these interventions is warranted.
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