Mycobacterium marinum is an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis, morbidity and mortality in fish. The cell wall-associated lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids and ESAT-6 secretion system 1 (ESX-1) are the conserved virulence determinant of the organism. Human infections with Mycobacterium marinum hypothetically are classified into four clinical categories (type I-type IV) and have been associated with the exposure of damaged skin to polluted water from fish pools or contacting objects contaminated with infected fish. Fish mycobacteriosis is clinically manifested and characterized in man by purple painless nodules, liable to develop into superficial crusting ulceration with scar formation. Early laboratory diagnosis of M. marinum including histopathology, culture and PCR is essential and critical as the clinical response to antibiotics requires months to be attained. The pathogenicity and virulence determinants of M. marinum need to be thoroughly and comprehensively investigated and understood. In spite of accumulating information on this pathogen, the different relevant data should be compared, connected and globally compiled. This article is reviewing the epidemiology, virulence factors, diagnosis and disease management in fish while casting light on the potential associated public health hazards.
This article describes the main impacts of the illegal logging activities with emphasis on the most important deforestation affected regions; Indonesia, Bangladesh, Australia, India, Peninsular Malaysia, and Pakistan. Although the discussion is concentrated on the socioeconomic, environmental and governance impacts, it must be stressed that the term deforestation is the roadmap where the environmental values, the economy, and welfare of forest-dependent communities are crushed without any kindness. Despite multiple efforts, the results in the combat of illegal logging are far from satisfactory. Furthermore, governments and businesses must implement the triple bottom line concept in order to achieve sustainability.
The safety of water is essential for life on earth. Drinking contaminated water can give rise to many health issues. Tohighlight the major causes of contamination in water, this study was carried out to determine the physicochemical andbacteriological quality of raw and chlorinated water. Raw and chlorinated water samples were obtained from three locations (zones) of a residential university (National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST). Ten physicochemicalparameters were analyzed (pH, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Dissolved oxygen, Hardness, Alkalinity, Total suspendedsolids, Total dissolved solids, Total organic carbon, and Chlorine (free & total)). Bacteriological analysis was performedthrough the MPN technique. The results showed that all the physicochemical parameters were found within the permissible limits set by WHO and PSDWQ for raw and chlorinated water, except TSS and Chlorine (free & total). The TSS of raw and chlorinated water ranged from 3.3-14.3mg/L and 8.7-12.7mg/L, greater than the permissible limits. The free Chlorine for both raw and chlorinated water ranged from 0.04-0.09mg/L and 0.06-0.07mg/L and total Chlorine for both raw and chlorinated water in the range 0.10-0.09mg/L and 0.22-0.24mg/L, respectively, which were far below the recommended limit required for water disinfection. The MPN index for raw and chlorinated water ranged from 23 to >23MPN/100ml and 16 to >23MPN/100ml, exceeding the permissible limits. The results concluded that the water, whether raw or chlorinated, was not fit for drinking purposes. Proper dosages of Chlorine and filtration techniques are required to make the water fit for consumption.
Wood products are better than artificial material, products when evaluating with environmental concerns, but our World's forests cannot be compromised for these products. As the increasing demand for wood product leads to deforestation, more rapid tree cutting even without permits and cause threat to human health and wildlife. The current study estimates the percentage of wood cutting and gives a comparison of green cover for a period (2009-2016) in Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP), Islamabad. Scale and after math of wood harvesting is a major area of concern. The wood consumption by villagers of MHNP, the role of authorities and communities to safeguard MHNP and its effects are also studied by incorporating villagers and forest guards' point of view through questionnaire and interviews, respectively. The forest cover of MHNP is reduced at high percentage due to deforestation and different land use pattern. It needs to be monitored and taken as the responsibility of the government and the public to protect forests.
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