The pH of the skin surface increases with age and thus reduces epidermal barrier function. Aged skin needs appropriate skin care to counterbalance age‐related pH increase and improve barrier function. This confirmatory randomized study investigated the efficacy of water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions with either pH 4 or pH 5.8 in 20 elderly subjects after 4 weeks of treatment. After the treatment, the skin was challenged with a sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution in order to analyze barrier protection properties of both formulations. The pH 4 w/o emulsion resulted in a significantly lower skin pH compared with the pH 5.8 w/o emulsion and an improved skin hydration after 4‐week treatment. Further, the pH 4 emulsion led to more pronounced improvements in length of intercellular lipid lamellae, lamellar organization as well as lipid levels than the pH 5.8 emulsion. Following SDS‐induced barrier damage to the skin, the pH of all test areas increased, but the area treated with the pH 4 emulsion showed the lowest increase compared with baseline. In addition, even after the SDS challenge the skin area treated with the pH 4 emulsion still maintained a significantly increased length of intercellular lipid lamellae compared with the beginning of the study. This study provides evidence that topical application of a w/o emulsion with pH 4 reacidifies the skin in elderly and has beneficial effects on skin moisturization, regeneration of lipid lamellae and lipid content. Application of a pH 4 emulsion can improve the epidermal barrier as well as the stratum corneum organization in aged skin.

Summary Background Effective topical treatment options for patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis (PAHH) are limited. A phase I trial showed promising results regarding the efficacy and safety of a topical cream containing glycopyrronium bromide (GPB). Objectives To assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of a 4‐week topical treatment of GPB 1% cream in patients with PAHH vs. placebo. Methods In total, 171 patients (84 receiving placebo; 87 receiving GPB 1%) with PAHH were included in the 4‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase IIIa part of the pivotal study. Sweat production was measured by gravimetry. Patients rated the impact of disease with the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) and Hyperhidrosis Quality of Life Index (HidroQoL©). Results Absolute change in sweat production from baseline to day 29 in logarithmic values was significantly larger in the GPB 1% group compared with the placebo group (P = 0·004). The improvement in HidroQoL exceeded the minimal clinically important difference of 4. The proportion of responders was twofold higher for sweat reduction (–197·08 mg GPB 1% vs. –83·49 mg placebo), HDSS (23% GPB 1% vs. 12% placebo) and HidroQoL (60% GPB 1% vs. 26% placebo). Treatment was safe: most treatment‐emergent adverse effects were mild or moderate, and transient. Local tolerability was very good, with 9% of patients having only mild or moderate application‐site reactions. The most reported adverse drug reaction was dry mouth (16%), an expected anticholinergic effect of the treatment. Conclusions GPB 1% cream may provide an effective new treatment option exhibiting a good safety profile for patients with PAHH. The long‐term open‐label part (phase IIIb) is ongoing.

In this clinical trial, a topical cleansing product containing glycolic acid with pH 4 improved mild acne significantly following twice-daily application for 6 weeks as monotherapy.

A simple synthesis is described for 3-spontaneous hydrolysis. It is not cleaved by carboxypropionyl-Ala-Ala-Val-4-nitroanilide, a trypsin or chymotrypsin and only rather slowly convenient and very specific substrate for human by porcine pancreatic elastase (K m = 9.1mM, leukocyte elastase (K m = l.OmM, k cat -8.7 s" 1 ). k cat = 1.4 s -1 ). The substrate does not undergo appreciable Synthese und analytische Verwendung von 3-Carboxypropionyl-alanyl-alanyl-valin-4-nitroanilid: Ein spezifisches Substrat für Elastase aus menschlichen LeukozytenZusammenfassung: Eine einfache Synthese für kozyten (K m -l .OmM, k cai = 8.7 s~1). Das Ni-3-Carboxypropionyl-Ala-Ala-Val-4-nitroanilid troanilid zeigt praktisch keine Spontanhydrolyse, wird beschrieben. Dieses Substrat ermöglicht eine wird von Trypsin oder Chymotrypsin nicht und bequeme und hochspezifische photometrische von der Elastase aus Schweinepankreas nur sehr Bestimmung der Elastase aus menschlichen Leulangsam (A^m = 9.1mM, fc cat = l .4 s" 1 ) gespalten.

The pH of the skin is tightly regulated by endogenous buffering systems. We examined the influence of buffers of different pH and composition on skin barrier repair, pH, inflammation, and epidermal thickness/proliferation/differentiation. After tape-stripping in hairless mice buffers with pH 4–7 were applied in patch test chambers. After removal of the chambers, skin pH and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were monitored for 24 h, and biopsies were taken for histology/immunohistology. Hairless mice showed a basal skin pH of about 5.8. Following barrier disruption and application of water, the pH increased by 0.6 units; increase in pH was reduced by the pH 4 glycolate buffer, unchanged by pH 4 citrate and pH 5.5 buffers, and even increased by the pH 7 buffer. pH 5.5, pH 4 citrate, and pH 4 glycolate buffers led to a slight, while the pH 7 buffer led to a significant increase in TEWL after barrier disruption compared to water. The pH 7 buffers led to a significant increase in epidermal thickness/proliferation/differentiation and inflammation after barrier disruption, whereas buffers with pH 4 and 5.5 caused a slight increase. In conclusion, only the pH 4 glycolate buffer significantly reduced the skin barrier disruption-related increase in skin pH. This was accompanied by only slight increase in epidermal thickness and inflammation compared to water. Application of the pH 7 buffer led to a significant increase in the skin pH, TEWL, epidermal thickness, and inflammation. The results are important for the formulation of topical products for effective acidification in pathological skin conditions.