BackgroundMarek’s disease (MD) is a neoplastic disease in chickens caused by the MD virus (MDV). Successful vaccine development against MD has resulted in increased virulence of MDV and the understanding of genetic resistance to the disease is, therefore, crucial to long-term control strategies. Also, epigenetic factors are believed to be one of the major determinants of disease response.ResultsHere, we carried out comprehensive analyses of the epigenetic landscape induced by MDV, utilizing genome-wide histone H3 lysine 4 and lysine 27 trimethylation maps from chicken lines with varying resistance to MD. Differential chromatin marks were observed on genes previously implicated in the disease such as MX1 and CTLA-4 and also on genes reported in other cancers including IGF2BP1 and GAL. We detected bivalent domains on immune-related transcriptional regulators BCL6, CITED2 and EGR1, which underwent dynamic changes in both lines as a result of MDV infection. In addition, putative roles for GAL in the mechanism of MD progression were revealed.ConclusionOur results confirm the presence of widespread epigenetic differences induced by MD in chicken lines with different levels of genetic resistance. A majority of observed epigenetic changes were indicative of increased levels of viral infection in the susceptible line symptomatic of lowered immunocompetence in these birds caused by early cytolytic infection. The GAL system that has known anti-proliferative effects in other cancers is also revealed to be potentially involved in MD progression. Our study provides further insight into the mechanisms of MD progression while revealing a complex landscape of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that varies depending on host factors.
A facial strategy is developed to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) Fe3 O4 nanorod array/graphene architecture, in which Fe3 O4 nanorods with a length and diameter of about 600 and 100 nm, respectively, are grown on both surfaces of the graphene sheets. The measured electromagnetic parameters show that the 3D architecture exhibits excellent electromagnetic wave-absorption properties, that is, more than 99 % of electromagnetic wave energy can be attenuated by the 3D architecture if it is added in only 20 wt % of the paraffin matrix, as the thickness of the absorber is in the range from 2.38 to 5.00 mm. The analysis of the electromagnetic (EM) absorption mechanism reveals that the excellent EM absorption properties are related to the special 3D architecture, and therefore, the construction of graphene-based 3D heteronanostructures is effective in obtaining lightweight EM absorbers with strong absorption properties.
Building nanoparticle (NP) superlattices formed in a complex fashion by subsets that can be explored separately presents a promising approach to realize the next generation of superlattices for different applications. Here, by incorporating self-aligned and geometrically different subsets of Au NPs into one matrix with the assistance of multi-pore anodic alumina oxide templates, scaled-up NP superlattices are constructed with programmable multiple plasmonic resonances. The inter-peak spectral distance is tailored in a broad wavelength range from less than 50 nm up to about 1000 nm through altering not only the size and height of each subset, but also the number and nature of the NP subset. Importantly, a mechanical oscillator model is developed to elucidate the microscopic origin of the spectral programmability and to reproduce the parameter dependence of the multiple plasmonic resonances. A photoelectrochemical cell using Au NP superlattice embedded photoanodes is investigated as a proof-of-concept, demonstrating a high photoresponse improvement of about 260% compared to that of bare film reference. In light of the compatibility of this technique with other plasmonic materials and the geometrical tunability, these findings enable systematic optical controlling toward optical devices with multimodal plasmonics.
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