NF-κB is constitutively activated in psoriatic epidermis. However, how activated NF-κB promotes keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriasis is largely unknown. Here we report that the NF-κB activation triggered by inflammatory cytokines induces the transcription of microRNA (miRNA) miR-31, one of the most dynamic miRNAs identified in the skin of psoriatic patients and mouse models. The genetic deficiency of miR-31 in keratinocytes inhibits their hyperproliferation, decreases acanthosis and reduces the disease severity in psoriasis mouse models. Furthermore, protein phosphatase 6 (ppp6c), a negative regulator that restricts the G1 to S phase progression, is diminished in human psoriatic epidermis and is directly targeted by miR-31. The inhibition of ppp6c is functionally important for miR-31-mediated biological effects. Moreover, NF-κB activation inhibits ppp6c expression directly through the induction of miR-31, and enhances keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, our data identify NF-κB-induced miR-31 and its target, ppp6c, as critical factors for the hyperproliferation of epidermis in psoriasis.

We developed and validated a nomogram that can estimate the pretest probability of malignant solid SPNs, which can assist clinical physicians to select and interpret the results of subsequent diagnostic tests.

Peripherally derived regulatory T (pTreg) cell generation requires T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling and the cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-2. Here we show that TCR signalling induces the microRNA miR-31, which negatively regulates pTreg-cell generation. miR-31 conditional deletion results in enhanced induction of pTreg cells, and decreased severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Unexpectedly, we identify Gprc5a as a direct target of miR-31. Gprc5a is known as retinoic acid-inducible protein 3, and its deficiency leads to impaired pTreg-cell induction and increased EAE severity. By generating miR-31 and Gprc5a double knockout mice, we show that miR-31 promotes the development of EAE through inhibiting Gprc5a. Thus, our data identify miR-31 and its target Gprc5a as critical regulators for pTreg-cell generation, suggesting a previously unrecognized epigenetic mechanism for dysfunctional Treg cells in autoimmune diseases.

• Based on radiomics features, a signature is established to differentiate adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma from invasive lung adenocarcinoma.

Given that only a subset of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) benefit from immune checkpoint therapy, efforts are ongoing to identify markers that predict immunotherapeutic response. Increasing evidence suggests that microbes influence the efficacy of cancer therapies. Fusobacterium nucleatum induces different immune responses in CRC with different microsatellite-instability (MSI) statuses. Here, we investigated the effect of F. nucleatum on anti-PD-L1 therapy in CRC. We found that high F. nucleatum levels correlate with improved therapeutic responses to PD-1 blockade in patients with CRC. Additionally, F. nucleatum enhanced the antitumor effects of PD-L1 blockade on CRC in mice and prolonged survival. Combining F. nucleatum supplementation with immunotherapy rescued the therapeutic effects of PD-L1 blockade. Furthermore, F. nucleatum induced PD-L1 expression by activating STING signaling and increased the accumulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)+ CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) during treatment with PD-L1 blockade, thereby augmenting tumor sensitivity to PD-L1 blockade. Finally, patient-derived organoid models demonstrated that increased F. nucleatum levels correlated with an improved therapeutic response to PD-L1 blockade. These findings suggest that F. nucleatum may modulate immune checkpoint therapy for CRC.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone bodies. The KD has long been established as a remarkably successful dietary approach for the treatment of intractable epilepsy and has increasingly garnered research attention rapidly in the past decade, subject to emerging evidence of the promising therapeutic potential of the KD for various diseases, besides epilepsy, from obesity to malignancies. In this review, we summarize the experimental and/or clinical evidence of the efficacy and safety of the KD in different diseases, and discuss the possible mechanisms of action based on recent advances in understanding the influence of the KD at the cellular and molecular levels. We emphasize that the KD may function through multiple mechanisms, which remain to be further elucidated. The challenges and future directions for the clinical implementation of the KD in the treatment of a spectrum of diseases have been discussed. We suggest that, with encouraging evidence of therapeutic effects and increasing insights into the mechanisms of action, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to elucidate a foundation for the clinical use of the KD.

HIGHLIGHTS• Hierarchically porous Fe-Co/N-doped carbon/rGO (Fe-Co/NC/rGO) composites were successfully prepared. Macropores, mesopores, and micropores coexisted in the composites.• Hierarchically porous Fe-Co/NC/rGO showed effective bandwidth of 9.29 GHz.ABSTRACT Developing lightweight and broadband microwave absorbers for dealing with serious electromagnetic radiation pollution is a great challenge. Here, a novel Fe-Co/N-doped carbon/reduced graphene oxide (Fe-Co/NC/rGO) composite with hierarchically porous structure was designed and synthetized by in situ growth of Fe-doped Cobased metal organic frameworks (Co-MOF) on the sheets of porous cocoon-like rGO followed by calcination. The Fe-Co/NC composites are homogeneously distributed on the sheets of porous rGO. The Fe-Co/NC/rGO composite with multiple components (Fe/Co/NC/rGO) causes magnetic loss, dielectric loss, resistance loss, interfacial polarization, and good impedance matching. The hierarchically porous structure of the Fe-Co/NC/rGO enhances the multiple reflections and scattering of microwaves. Compared with the Co/NC and Fe-Co/NC, the hierarchically porous Fe-Co/NC/rGO composite exhibits much better microwave absorption performances due to the rational composition and porous structural design. Its minimum reflection loss (RL min ) reaches − 43.26 dB at 11.28 GHz with a thickness of 2.5 mm, and the effective absorption frequency (RL ≤ − 10 dB) is up to 9.12 with the same thickness of 2.5 mm. Moreover, the widest effective bandwidth of 9.29 GHz occurs at a thickness of 2.63 mm. This work provides a lightweight and broadband microwave absorbing material while offering a new idea to design excellent microwave absorbers with multicomponent and hierarchically porous structures.

Emerging research has revealed regulation of colorectal cancer metabolism by bacteria. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) plays a crucial role in the development of colorectal cancer, however, whether Fn infection modifies metabolism in patients with colorectal cancer remains unknown. Here, LC-MS/MS-based lipidomics identified the upregulation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, primarily CYP2J2, and their mediated product 12,13-EpOME in patients with colorectal cancer tumors and mouse models, which increased the invasive and migratory ability of colorectal cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by regulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metagenomic sequencing indicated a positive correlation between increased levels of fecal Fn and serum 12,13-EpOME in patients with colorectal cancer. High levels of CYP2J2 in tumor tissues also correlated with high Fn levels and worse overall survival in patients with stage III/IV colorectal cancer. Moreover, Fn was found to activate TLR4/AKT signaling, downregulating Keap1 and increasing NRF2 to promote transcription of CYP2J2. Collectively, these data identify that Fn promotes EMT and metastasis in colorectal cancer by activating a TLR4/Keap1/NRF2 axis to increase CYP2J2 and 12,13-EpOME, which could serve as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets for Fn-infected patients with colorectal cancer. Significance: This study uncovers a mechanism by which Fusobacterium nucleatum regulates colorectal cancer metabolism to drive metastasis, suggesting the potential biomarker and therapeutic utility of the CYP2J2/12,13–EpOME axis in Fn-infected patients.