Background:Obesity, physical inactivity and reduced physical fitness may contribute to the rising burden of chronic diseases in China. We investigated these factors in China over a 14-year period using data from the randomized national surveys in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014. Methods:We conducted four national surveys among 151,656, 163,386, 154,931and 146,703 Chinese adults aged 20-59 in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014, respectively. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) was used to evaluate underweight (BMI<18·5), overweight (BMI 23·0-27·5) and obesity (BMI≥27·5). Central obesity was defined as waist circumference >90 cm in men and >85 cm in women. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was evaluated by whether or not the participants had completed the recommended minimum 150-min moderate or 75-min vigorous exercise per week. Indices for assessing physical fitness included forced vital capacity, resting heart rate, handgrip strength, sit and reach, and standing on one leg. Findings:The prevalence of obesity increased from 8·6% in 2000, 10·3% in 2005, and 12·2% in 2010 to 12·9% in 2014 (0·32% per year). Comparable estimates were 37·4%, 39·2%, 40·7% and 41·2% for overweight and 13·9%, 18·3%, 22·1% and 24·9% for central obesity. The corresponding upward trends per year were 0·27% and 0·78%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity increased with age and was higher in men than women.. A simultaneous decrease was observed in the prevalence of underweight (5·4% in 2000 versus 4·6% in 2014, a downward trend of 0·06% per year). More participants met the minimum LTPA recommendation (17·2% in 2000 versus 22·8% in 2014), with the prevalence change per year being 0·33%, 0·50%, 0·37%, 0·06% for underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obesity, respectively. Physical fitness deterioration was observed for all measures examined except resting heart rate. Interpretation:Despite increased participation in LTPA, we observed an upward trend in overweight/obesity and a decline in physical fitness in Chinese adults. Continued nationwide interventions are needed for promoting physical activity and other healthy lifestyles in China. Funding:National Physical Fitness Surveillance Center, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. Introduction In recent decades, China has witnessed a rapid rise in the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Despite differences in sampling methods and 3 diagnostic criteria, the estimated prevalence grew from 9.7% to 11.6% for type 2 diabetes, and from 15.5% to 50.1% for pre-diabetes between 2008 and 2010. 1 These diseases accounted for an estimated 80% of deaths and 70% of total disease burden in China. 2 While aging of the population is an important contributing factor, such health consequences are also likely attributed to the drastic changes in lifestyles following China's economic boom that result in obesity and physical inactivity. 3 These two factors, despite their strong correlation, have been independently linked to increased risk of ...

945 Gastrointestinal: Enema nozzle injury to the rectum, a vague presentation with significant morbidity 946 Gastrointestinal: Gastric perforation during esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection: A serious adverse event in a patient with esophageal stricture 947 Gastrointestinal: Idiopathic granulomatous gastritis observed by magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy 948 Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic: Unusual cause of acute pancreatitis 949 Gastrointestinal: Severe congestive heart failure and acute gastric mucosal necrosis Meta Analysis and Systematic Reviews 950 Systematic review: Current evidence in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease lacks relevance to patients with advanced fibrosis R Parker, J Hodson and IAC Rowe 957 Metformin use and the risk of colorectal adenoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis YS Jung, Reviews 966 Urgency to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C Clinical Gastroenterology 992 Inflammatory bowel disease detection and monitoring by measuring biomarkers in non-invasively collected colorectal mucus A Loktionov, V Chhaya, T Bandaletova and A Poullis 1003 Identifying the optimal strategy for screening of advanced colorectal neoplasia YS Jung, 1026 Do surveillance intervals in patients with more than five adenomas at index colonoscopy be shorter than those in patients with three to four adenomas? A Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Experimental Gastroenterology 1040 Effects of argon plasma coagulation on human stomach tissue: An ex vivo study EJ Gong, Endoscopy 1046 Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in the margin delineation of early gastric cancer for endoscopic submucosal dissection JC

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BackgroundSympathetic activity involves the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) decreases sympathetic renal afferent nerve activity, leading to decreased central sympathetic drive. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of RSD on AF inducibility induced by hyper-sympathetic activity in a canine model.MethodsTo establish a hyper-sympathetic tone canine model of AF, sixteen dogs were subjected to stimulation of left stellate ganglion (LSG) and rapid atrial pacing (RAP) for 3 hours. Then animals in the RSD group (n = 8) underwent radiofrequency ablation of the renal sympathetic nerve. The control group (n = 8) underwent the same procedure except for ablation. AF inducibility, effective refractory period (ERP), ERP dispersion, heart rate variability and plasma norepinephrine levels were measured at baseline, after stimulation and after ablation.ResultsLSG stimulation combined RAP significantly induced higher AF induction rate, shorter ERP, larger ERP dispersion at all sites examined and higher plasma norepinephrine levels (P<0.05 in all values), compared to baseline. The increased AF induction rate, shortened ERP, increased ERP dispersion and elevated plasma norepinephrine levels can be almost reversed by RSD, compared to the control group (P<0.05). LSG stimulation combined RAP markedly shortened RR-interval and standard deviation of all RR-intervals (SDNN), Low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio (P<0.05). These changes can be reversed by RSD, compared to the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionsRSD significantly reduced AF inducibility and reversed the atrial electrophysiological changes induced by hyper-sympathetic activity.

The Chinese concave‐eared frog ( Odorrana tormota ) is a rare and threatened species with remarkable sexual dimorphism. Intestinal microbes are understood to play important roles in animal physiology, growth, ecology, and evolution. However, little is known about the intestinal microbes in female and male frogs, as well as the contributing effect by gut infesting nematodes to the co‐habiting bacteria and their function in degradation food rich in chitin. Here, this study analyzed the microbiota of the intestinal tract of both female and male, healthy as well as nematode‐infested concave‐eared frogs using high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic techniques. The results showed that the bacterial composition of the microbiota at the phylum level was dominated by Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. The study also revealed that the community composition below the class level could be represent sex differences, particularly with regard to Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Rikenellaceae, among others. Carbohydrate‐active enzyme‐encoding genes and modules were identified in related gut bacteria by metagenomic analysis, with Bacteroidia, Clostridia, and gammaproteobacteria predicted to be the main classes of chitin‐decomposing bacteria in the frog intestine. In addition, the abundance of some bacteria significantly increased or decreased in nematode‐infected hosts compared with healthy individuals, including Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiae, Negativicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli, among others. This indicates that nematode infection may affect the richness and composition of some gut bacteria.

There is lack of data on the physiological characteristics of over ground walking and walking recommendations for Chinese young adult. The purpose of the study was to measure walking-related energy expenditure during field testing, to identify step-rate cut-point associated with moderate and vigorous intensity, and to translate physical activity (PA) guidelines into walking goals for Chinese young adults.DesignCross-sectional analytic study.SettingTwo communities from Beijing and Shanghai in China.ParticipantsA sample of 226 Chinese adults (117 men, 109 women) with a mean age of 21.7 (±0.2) years, volunteered to participate in the study. All Participants were recreationally active without orthopaedic limitations, free of chronic diseases, not taking any medications that affect metabolism and non-smokers.Outcome measuresAll the participants completed four 6 minincremental over ground walking at different speeds of 3.8, 4.8, 5.6 and 6.4 km/h, respectively. Indirect calorimeter was used to measure energy expenditure at each speed. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the step-rate cut-points associated with moderate and vigorous intensity activity.ResultsAt the same walking speed, step counts per minute were higher in women than in men. No significant differences were found in VO2 per weight (ml/kg/min) between women and men. Step-rate cut-point associated with walking at 3 metabolic equivalents (METs) and 6METs were 105 and 130 step/min when analysing men and women together. There were slight differences on the cut-points between women and men if data were analysed separately.ConclusionsIn order to meet PA guidelines, Chinese young adult should walk 30 min with at least 105 step/min or 3150 steps or 2 km with the same step-rate per day. Walking at a higher speed of 130 step/min might provide additional health benefit.

We tracked the motor skill development of young children aged 3–6 years and investigated the influence of middle-income home environment on the development of motor skill. 268 children were selected from kindergartens in Beijing. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) tool was used to test the development of locomotor and object-control skills (LS and OS), and a survey of children’s behaviour and home environment was conducted. During the follow-up, the LS and OS of children aged 3–6 years continued to grow, with an annual growth rate of 20% and 30%. Five LS indicators and two OS indicators were significantly higher in the 3–4-year group than in the 4–5 and 5–6-year groups ( p < 0.01 ). The age-sex trend model showed that girls’ locomotor skill developed at a significantly higher rate than that of boys ( β = 6.3004 and 4.6782, p < 0.001 ). Three-year-old boys performed significantly better than girls on object-control motor skill ( p < 0.05 ). Factors affecting the rate of children’s motor skill development in middle-income families included the frequency of playing with friends ( β = 0.133 , p = 0.032 ) and the frequency of bicycling, skateboarding, dancing, running, and jumping ( β = 0.041 , p = 0.042 ). Family income, parents’ education level, and family activity area did not significantly affect the growth rate of motor skills. For middle-income families, the improvement of material environment at home like more playing spaces and toys did not speed up the motor development, while more opportunities to play with friends and engage in a variety of sports activities could promote children’s motor skill development.

A retrospective analysis of 31 lesions undergoing endoscopic surgery between 2006 and 2012 was undertaken. The data of patients' demographics, clinical features, operative parameters, follow-up period, and treatment outcomes were collected. A total of 31 patients were reviewed and consisted of 19 females and 12 males. The median age was 23 years (range 6-55). The surgical strategy included the exclusive endoscopic approach in 26 cases, endoscopic approach with external approach in 5 cases. Twenty-two cases were achieved completely resection and nine cases were subtotally resected. During the follow-up period (median: 25 months, range 4-80 months), 4 cases developed recurrences and there was no evidence of recurrence in the additional 27 cases included 8 cases living with no progressively growing residual tumor and 19 cases living without diseases. Our experience indicates that the endoscopic approach to manage ossifying fibroma of the nose and paranasal sinuses is safe and effective. However, more cases and a longer period of follow-up are required to define its long-term therapeutic effect.